- •1.1.1 Write of the vitamins, a biological role.
- •1.1.2 Write the basic structure of proteins.
- •1.1.3 Write the secondary and tertiary protein structures.
- •1.1.5. Write the еnzyme function.
- •1.1.6. Write the agreement about the name of enzymes
- •1.1.7. Write the what are carbohydrate.
- •1.2.1 Describe the vitamins d,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.4. What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides. What are some examples of them.
- •1.2.2. Describe the transcription: synthesis of rna.The basic stages of transcription
- •1.2.3 Describe the vitamins b6,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.5 What are the organic chemical groups that compose carbohydrates?
- •1.2.6 Describe the vitamins b1,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •1.2.7. Describe the structure and mechanism of action of enzymes
- •1.3.1. What is the molecular formula for glucose.Aerobic oxidation of glucose in a cell. A sequence of reactions up to formation of the pyruvate
- •1.3.2. Write the vitamins а, а biological role and there isfor the reaction
- •1.3.3 What are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
- •1.3.4 . What are hexoses? What are some examples of hexoses with important biological functions?
- •1.3.5. Make use of vitamins b,а biological role and of the reaction of vitamins b
- •1.3.6. Make use of structure of rna features of structure rna?
- •2.1.1. Give definition to enzymes. Features of enzymatic catalysis.
- •2.1.2 Write the types of enzymes
- •2.1.3 What are the main biological functions of polysaccharides?
- •2.1.4. What are pentoses.What are the roles of pentoses in dna and rna molecules.
- •2.1.5. Write the Nucleic acid. The structure of nucleic acids
- •2.1.6. Write the importance of nucleic acid, give an example.
- •2.1.7 What is lipids. Write what are the functions of lipids.
- •2.2.1.Describe of enzyme cofactor and holo-enzyme.
- •2.2.3. Describe the structure of nucleic acid, what types have nucleic acid
- •2.2.4. What is nucleotides. Tertiary structure of dna?
- •2.2.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •2.2.6 Explain about chemical and physical properties of lipids
- •2.3.1. Write the Molisch reation. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.2. Write the Ksantoproteïn determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.3. Write the vitamins c, а biological role and there is for the reaction
- •2.3.4. What is nucleotides. Primary structure of nucleic acids
- •2.3.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •3.1.1. Write about chemical composition of lipids.
- •3.1.2. Write the types of lipids
- •3.1.4. Write the subject and problems of biological chemistry.
- •3.1.5 Write the classification of proteins on the basis of their solubility
- •3.1.6. Write the differences between dna and rna.
- •3.1.7. What types has rna.
- •3.2.1. Describe about complex lipid.
- •Features
- •Function
- •3.2.2. Describe vitamins e,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.3 Describe primary structure of proteins
- •3.2.4. Describe vitamins pp,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.5 Describe biological functions and classification of proteins.
- •3.2.6 Describe physico- chemical properties of proteins
- •3.2.7 Describe types of rna, features of secondary and tertiary structure, functions. A structure of ribosomes
- •3.3.1. Make use of hormonal regulation of enzyme action.
- •3.3.2 Write the Biurets determine amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.3 Write the types of interactions between amino acid side chains in stabilizing the secondary and tertiary structures
- •3.3.4. Make use of Physico-chemical properties of proteins
- •3.3.5 Write the Adamkevich determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.6. Reactions collapse purine and pyrimidine bases, and shows differences.
2.3.4. What is nucleotides. Primary structure of nucleic acids
Nucleotides are chemical compounds, the building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA.
A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group. Nucleotides contain either a purineor a pyrimidine base. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. Deoxyribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.
In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, while the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.
A nucleotide is made of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose, depending on if it is RNA or DNA), and one or, depending on the definition, more than one phosphate groups.
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
The primary structure of a nucleic acid is the nucleotide sequence
The nucleotides in nucleic acids are joined by phosphodiester bonds
The 3’-OH group of the sugar in one nucleotide forms an ester bond to the phosphate group on the 5’-carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide
A nucleic acid polymer has a free 5’-phosphate group at one end and a free 3’-OH group at the other end
The sequence is read from the free 5’-end using the letters of the bases
This example reads 5’—A—C—G—T—3’
2.3.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell, and are passed down from parents to their children.DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code. Similar to the way the order of letters in the alphabet can be used to form a word, the order of nitrogen bases in a DNA sequence forms genes, which in the language of the cell, tells cells how to make proteins. Another type of nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or RNA, translates genetic information from DNA into proteins.
The entire human genome contains about3 billion bases and about 20,000 genes.
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix structure as a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, while the bases would be the rungs. The bases on one strand pair with the bases on another strand: adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
DNA molecules are long — so long, in fact, that they can't fit into cells without the right packaging. To fit inside cells, DNA is coiled tightly to form structures we call chromosomes. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which are found inside the cell's nucleus.