- •1.1.1 Write of the vitamins, a biological role.
- •1.1.2 Write the basic structure of proteins.
- •1.1.3 Write the secondary and tertiary protein structures.
- •1.1.5. Write the еnzyme function.
- •1.1.6. Write the agreement about the name of enzymes
- •1.1.7. Write the what are carbohydrate.
- •1.2.1 Describe the vitamins d,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.4. What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides. What are some examples of them.
- •1.2.2. Describe the transcription: synthesis of rna.The basic stages of transcription
- •1.2.3 Describe the vitamins b6,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.5 What are the organic chemical groups that compose carbohydrates?
- •1.2.6 Describe the vitamins b1,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •1.2.7. Describe the structure and mechanism of action of enzymes
- •1.3.1. What is the molecular formula for glucose.Aerobic oxidation of glucose in a cell. A sequence of reactions up to formation of the pyruvate
- •1.3.2. Write the vitamins а, а biological role and there isfor the reaction
- •1.3.3 What are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
- •1.3.4 . What are hexoses? What are some examples of hexoses with important biological functions?
- •1.3.5. Make use of vitamins b,а biological role and of the reaction of vitamins b
- •1.3.6. Make use of structure of rna features of structure rna?
- •2.1.1. Give definition to enzymes. Features of enzymatic catalysis.
- •2.1.2 Write the types of enzymes
- •2.1.3 What are the main biological functions of polysaccharides?
- •2.1.4. What are pentoses.What are the roles of pentoses in dna and rna molecules.
- •2.1.5. Write the Nucleic acid. The structure of nucleic acids
- •2.1.6. Write the importance of nucleic acid, give an example.
- •2.1.7 What is lipids. Write what are the functions of lipids.
- •2.2.1.Describe of enzyme cofactor and holo-enzyme.
- •2.2.3. Describe the structure of nucleic acid, what types have nucleic acid
- •2.2.4. What is nucleotides. Tertiary structure of dna?
- •2.2.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •2.2.6 Explain about chemical and physical properties of lipids
- •2.3.1. Write the Molisch reation. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.2. Write the Ksantoproteïn determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.3. Write the vitamins c, а biological role and there is for the reaction
- •2.3.4. What is nucleotides. Primary structure of nucleic acids
- •2.3.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •3.1.1. Write about chemical composition of lipids.
- •3.1.2. Write the types of lipids
- •3.1.4. Write the subject and problems of biological chemistry.
- •3.1.5 Write the classification of proteins on the basis of their solubility
- •3.1.6. Write the differences between dna and rna.
- •3.1.7. What types has rna.
- •3.2.1. Describe about complex lipid.
- •Features
- •Function
- •3.2.2. Describe vitamins e,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.3 Describe primary structure of proteins
- •3.2.4. Describe vitamins pp,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.5 Describe biological functions and classification of proteins.
- •3.2.6 Describe physico- chemical properties of proteins
- •3.2.7 Describe types of rna, features of secondary and tertiary structure, functions. A structure of ribosomes
- •3.3.1. Make use of hormonal regulation of enzyme action.
- •3.3.2 Write the Biurets determine amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.3 Write the types of interactions between amino acid side chains in stabilizing the secondary and tertiary structures
- •3.3.4. Make use of Physico-chemical properties of proteins
- •3.3.5 Write the Adamkevich determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.6. Reactions collapse purine and pyrimidine bases, and shows differences.
2.1.3 What are the main biological functions of polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides have an energy storage function and a structural function. Polysaccharides ingested by living organisms in the food chain are important sources of carbohydrates for the energetic metabolism of organisms of the next trophic levels.Starch is the polysaccharide that plants use to store energy. Glycogen is a macromolecule responsible for the storage of glucose in the liver and muscles. Chitin is a polysaccharide with structural functions and which composes up the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall in fungi.
Polysaccharides long carbohydrate chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
alpha (a) bonds (starch)
beta (b) bonds (found in fiber)
Starch
plant storage form of carbohydrate
long branched or unbranched chains of glucose
amylose
amylopectin
Glycogen
highly branched chains of glucose units
animal storage form of carbohydrate
found in LIVER and MUSCLE
Humans store ~ 100g in liver; ~ 400g in muscle
negligible source of carbohydrate in the diet (meat)
Fiber
Dietary Fiber non-digestible carbohydrates (chains of monosaccharides) and lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants (includes oligosaccharides)
Functional Fiber isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans
2.1.4. What are pentoses.What are the roles of pentoses in dna and rna molecules.
A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms. Pentoses are carbohydrates made of five carbons. Pentoses are organized into two groups.
There are two related pentose sugars: - RNA contains ribose - DNA contains deoxyribose
The sugars have their carbon atoms numbered with primes to distinguish them from the nitrogen bases
Deoxyribose, derivative of ribose – lacks an oxygen atom at C2
2.1.5. Write the Nucleic acid. The structure of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA. When all three components are combined, they form a nucleotide. Nucleotides are also known as phosphate nucleotides.
Nucleic acids are among the most important biological macromolecules. They are found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information. In other words, information is conveyed through the nucleic acid sequence, or the order of nucleotides within a DNA or RNA molecule. Strings of nucleotides strung together in a specific sequence are the mechanism for storing and transmitting hereditary, or genetic information via protein synthesis.
Nucleic acid structure refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.