- •1.1.1 Write of the vitamins, a biological role.
- •1.1.2 Write the basic structure of proteins.
- •1.1.3 Write the secondary and tertiary protein structures.
- •1.1.5. Write the еnzyme function.
- •1.1.6. Write the agreement about the name of enzymes
- •1.1.7. Write the what are carbohydrate.
- •1.2.1 Describe the vitamins d,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.4. What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides. What are some examples of them.
- •1.2.2. Describe the transcription: synthesis of rna.The basic stages of transcription
- •1.2.3 Describe the vitamins b6,a biological role and mineral substances of food
- •1.2.5 What are the organic chemical groups that compose carbohydrates?
- •1.2.6 Describe the vitamins b1,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •1.2.7. Describe the structure and mechanism of action of enzymes
- •1.3.1. What is the molecular formula for glucose.Aerobic oxidation of glucose in a cell. A sequence of reactions up to formation of the pyruvate
- •1.3.2. Write the vitamins а, а biological role and there isfor the reaction
- •1.3.3 What are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
- •1.3.4 . What are hexoses? What are some examples of hexoses with important biological functions?
- •1.3.5. Make use of vitamins b,а biological role and of the reaction of vitamins b
- •1.3.6. Make use of structure of rna features of structure rna?
- •2.1.1. Give definition to enzymes. Features of enzymatic catalysis.
- •2.1.2 Write the types of enzymes
- •2.1.3 What are the main biological functions of polysaccharides?
- •2.1.4. What are pentoses.What are the roles of pentoses in dna and rna molecules.
- •2.1.5. Write the Nucleic acid. The structure of nucleic acids
- •2.1.6. Write the importance of nucleic acid, give an example.
- •2.1.7 What is lipids. Write what are the functions of lipids.
- •2.2.1.Describe of enzyme cofactor and holo-enzyme.
- •2.2.3. Describe the structure of nucleic acid, what types have nucleic acid
- •2.2.4. What is nucleotides. Tertiary structure of dna?
- •2.2.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •2.2.6 Explain about chemical and physical properties of lipids
- •2.3.1. Write the Molisch reation. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.2. Write the Ksantoproteïn determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents
- •2.3.3. Write the vitamins c, а biological role and there is for the reaction
- •2.3.4. What is nucleotides. Primary structure of nucleic acids
- •2.3.5. Describe the function of dna, biological role of dna
- •3.1.1. Write about chemical composition of lipids.
- •3.1.2. Write the types of lipids
- •3.1.4. Write the subject and problems of biological chemistry.
- •3.1.5 Write the classification of proteins on the basis of their solubility
- •3.1.6. Write the differences between dna and rna.
- •3.1.7. What types has rna.
- •3.2.1. Describe about complex lipid.
- •Features
- •Function
- •3.2.2. Describe vitamins e,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.3 Describe primary structure of proteins
- •3.2.4. Describe vitamins pp,a biological role and mineral substances of food.
- •3.2.5 Describe biological functions and classification of proteins.
- •3.2.6 Describe physico- chemical properties of proteins
- •3.2.7 Describe types of rna, features of secondary and tertiary structure, functions. A structure of ribosomes
- •3.3.1. Make use of hormonal regulation of enzyme action.
- •3.3.2 Write the Biurets determine amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.3 Write the types of interactions between amino acid side chains in stabilizing the secondary and tertiary structures
- •3.3.4. Make use of Physico-chemical properties of proteins
- •3.3.5 Write the Adamkevich determined amino acid reaction. Reaction of the necessary equipment and reagents.
- •3.3.6. Reactions collapse purine and pyrimidine bases, and shows differences.
2.1.1. Give definition to enzymes. Features of enzymatic catalysis.
Enzymes are biological catalysts – they speed up the chemical reactions that take place inside all cells, but without being used up in the process. There are many thousands of different types of enzyme, and each one catalyzes a different reaction. Cells create enzymes based on instructions carried in the cell’s genes. Enzymes are protein molecules, and so are made up of amino acids. Most enzymes contain between 100 and 1,000 amino acids. These amino acids are joined together in a long chain, which is folded to produce a unique 3D structure. Different types of enzymes have different shapes and functions because the sequence and type of amino acids in their structure is different. Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein. The protein catalyst (enzyme) may be part of a multi-subunit complex, and/or may transiently or permanently associate with a Cofactor (e.g. adenosine triphosphate). Catalysis of biochemical reactions in the cell is vital due to the very low reaction rates of the uncatalysed reactions at room temperature and pressure. A key driver of protein evolution is the optimization of such catalytic activities via protein dynamics.
The mechanism of enzyme catalysis is similar in principle to other types of chemical catalysis. By providing an alternative reaction route the enzyme reduces the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction. The reduction of activation energy (Ea) increases the amount of reactant molecules that achieve a sufficient level of energy, such that they reach the activation energy and form the product. As with other catalysts, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction (as a substrate is) but is recycled such that a single enzyme performs many rounds of catalysis.
How does a catalyst work?
The explanation of what happens lies in the fact that most chemical reactions that RELEASE ENERGY (exothermic reactions) require an INPUT of some energy to get them going. The initial input of energy is called the ACTIVATION ENERGY
2.1.2 Write the types of enzymes
Enzymes are protein molecules in cells which work as catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process. Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need enzymes. With an enzyme, reactions work very much faster than they would without.The substances at the start of the reaction are called substrates. The substances at the end of the reaction are the products. Enzymes work on the substrates, and turn them into products. Anselme Payen found the first enzyme in 1833.
One example of an enzyme is amylase, found in saliva. It breaks down starch molecules into smaller glucose and maltose molecules. Another kind of enzyme is lipase. It breaks down fats into smaller molecules.
The proteases are a whole class of enzymes. They break down other enzymes and proteins back into amino acids Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA or RNA, often in specific place in the molecule.
Enzymes have been classified by the International Union of Biochemistry. Their Commission on Enzymes has grouped all known enzymes into six classes:
Oxidoreductases -Catalyzing oxidation reduction reactions
Transferases -Catalyzing group transfer
Hydrolases -Catalyzing hydrolytic breakdown
Lyases -Catalysing removal of groups by mechanism other than hydrolysis and leaving behind double bonds
Isomerases -Catalysing interconversion of isomers
Ligases -Catalysing formation of bonds and new compounds