VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Классификационные общества опубликовали стандартные калькуляционные формы для нагрузки на корпус, требования к прочности, толщины покрытия корпуса и укрепления ребра жесткости, балок и других конструкций.

2. Эти методы предоставляют детальную исходную точку для анализа данной конструкции корабля.

3. Сталь ABS A имеет предел текучести 3400 фунтов на квадратный дюйм, предел прочности от 58 до 71 000 фунтов на квадратный дюйм.

4. Современные компьютерные программы автоматизированного проектирования обычно используются, чтобы произвести более детальные и мощные компьютерные модели данной конструкции.

5. Важно вручную уметь вычислить примерное поведение корпуса судна.

VII. Make up sentences using the following words and word combinations:

Hull bottom shell plating, quick calculations, thickness of hull plating, to estimate strength requirements, strength value, a detailed starting point for analyzing, to meet common standards, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, a fatigue limit.

VIII. Translate the text: “Tumblehome.”

Tumblehome is the narrowing of a ship's hull with greater distance above the water-line. Expressed more technically, it is present when the beam at the uppermost deck is less than the maximum beam of the vessel.

A small amount of tumblehome is normal in many designs in order to allow any small projections at deck level to clear wharves.

Tumblehome was common on wooden warships for centuries. In the era of oared combat ships it was quite common, placing the oar ports as far abeam as possible. This also made it more difficult to board by force, as the ships would come to contact at their widest points, with the decks some distance apart. The narrowing of the deck above this point made the boat more stable by lowering the weight above the waterline, which is one of the reasons it remained common during the age of cannon-armed ships.

It can be seen well in steel constructed warships of the early 1880's when the United States and most European navies began building steel warships.

IX. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences:

1. Modern CAD computer programs are usually used today to generate much more detailed and powerful computer models of the structure.

2. Preliminary designs may be started before enough information on a structure is available to perform a computer analysis.

3. Ship design criteria generally assume that all normal loads on the ship, times a moderate safety factor, should be below the fatigue limit for the steel used in their construction.

4. Very few ships ever see ultimate load conditions anywhere near their gross failure limits.

5. Steels typically have a fatigue limit, below which any quantity of stress load cycles will not cause metal fatigue and cracks failures.

X. Retell the text: “Ship hull structure elements.” unit 28. Waterline