Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:

1. The second half of the 15th century saw wars and conquests in Morocco and the colonization of Madeira and the Azores. These islands offer a pleasant climate and fertile land. (“IHT”)

2. Queen Victoria’s reign saw rumbustious political rallies in Hyde Park and Albert’s Great Exhibition with Crystal Palace. (“G.”)

3. The postwar years have seen decisive advances in the study of primates such as chimpanzees and in discovery of fossils of our ancestors. (“MS”)

4. Paradoxically, the ending of the Cold War has not seen a reduction in either personnel or budget of the secret Intelligence Service. (“Ind”)

5. Brittany’s much-forgotten language is getting a new lease of life, as the firstever Breton dictionary prepares to hit the shelves next year. Three years of research have produced 1,000 pages containing 10,000 words, a modest feat when compared to the Larousse French dictionary of 60,000 words. (“G.”)

6. Commonwealth leaders yesterday concluded their biannual summit with pledges covering topics from South Africa to Cyprus, from democracy to global trade, but with little clout behind the words. Five days of talking produced a 17-page communiqué. (“Ind.”)

7. The main block of the boarding school houses the boy’s dormitories, dining rooms, common rooms and exercise room. (“G.”)

8. Built in 1933 as a memorial to Lillie Hitchcock Coit, who left a third of her fortune to beautify the city, the tower houses 3,691 square feet of murals that portray the life of 1930s California. (“MS”)

9. The Southeast of Turkey harbours a number of ancient and diverse languages brought in by the different people who, over thousands of years, settled in this area of mountains and wide open spaces. (“G.”)

10. Archeologists working in Israel’s Nahal hemar cave, a Neolithic site south of Jerusalem, have found pieces of fabric that may be the earliest known example of linen. The cave also has yielded what may be the oldest known samples of woven baskets in the Middle East. (“NG”)

11. Britain counts only four industries in which it can still be ranked as of world class: chemical, aerospace, steel and Pharmaceuticals. (“G.”)

12. His school draws about 600 pupils from 13 villages. The last teacher vacancy, for a head of physical education, attracted more than 50 applicants. But attracting queues of parents has proved difficult. (“G.”)

Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text

15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas

In some cases it turns out, that even word-combinations can not serve as units of translation, and the equivalence can be set only on the level of sentences. It happens, when sentences under translation are idiomatic in their meaning, their meaning being not equal to the meanings of the words and word-combinations, constituting a sentence. As usual these are proverbs.

As it is evident from the examples, given below, in such kind of translation the whole sentence is the translation unit – meaning of the Russian sentence coincides with such of the English sentence, but within the sentences themselves any correlation between words or word-combinations is impossible to find.

Other types of clichés or formulas – different graffiti, signs, road signs, and courtesy formula (polite requests) belong to this category of phrases:

Keep off the grass.	По газонах не ходити.
Wet paint.	Обережно, пофарбовано
Slow, men at work.	Тихий хід, дорожні роботи.
Many happy returns of the day.	Поздоровляю з днем народження.
There’s a good boy.	От хороший, от молодець.
Keep your nose out of it.	Не лізь, куди не просять. Не пхай свого носа туди, куди не слід.
Stay out of our business.	Не втручайся не в свої справи.

A couple of examples of translation on the sentence level:

I have to admit it.	Тут нічого не скажеш.
Don’t even mention them to me.	Терпіти не можу.
But outside of that I don’t care much.	...Але в цілому це нісенітниця.

It should be noted, that in original sentences there is nothing idiomatic – their meaning is in total accord with the sum of meanings of isolated words; however, the translation is made on the level of the whole sentence, which comes forward as an inseparable translation unit.