- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
It is difficult to say whether this transformation is lexical or grammatical – it is both. Its lexical aspects imply adding words, word combinations or even the whole sentences or their parts when: there is a strong necessity to make some explanations of transcribed words, describe the notions which have no names in TL, add the words implied but not expressed in the structure of phrases, etc. However, in all these cases the structure of a sentence in involved, therefore the transformation is looked at as grammatical one. Sometimes grammatical reasons to add new words appear. It happens when meaning is expressed grammatically in the original text while there is no way to express it grammatically in translation, e.g. in English the articles are used to differentiate between the author and his creation:
“…the jewel of his collection – an Israels…” or “…Madame Lamotte, who was still in front of the Meissonier”. (J. Galsworthy).
In Ukrainian in both sentences we have to add the word “картина”:
“…перлина його колекції – картина Ісраелса…” and “…мадам Лямот, яка все ще стояла перед картиною Месоньє”.
In another example the existence of a special form of possessive case in English allows using the names in the absolute possessive construction:
“Of course, I found George’s and Harris’s eighteen times over…” (Jerome K.Jerome).
In Ukrainian the corresponding grammatical form is that of genitive case, the use of which would create an undesirable ambiguity: “…знаходив Джорджа та Гаріса”. It is appropriate to add the word “щітка” implied in the sentence:
“Звичайно ж, щітки Джорджа та Гаріса траплялись мені разів з вісімнадцять, якщо не більше”.
When using the transformation of addition one should be very careful to add only the elements which really have to be added:
McDermot spoke briefly into the telephone, then waited again.
Макдермот віддав коротке розпорядження по телефону і знову став чекати.
Certain semantic components remain formally unexpressed in English word combinations, particularly in structure “Noun + Noun” which is very typical of English:
pay claim (pay offer) – вимога (пропозиція) підвищити заробітну плату
wage strike – страйк з вимогою підвищення заробітної плати
gun license – посвідчення на право носити зброю
oil countries – країни-експортери нафти
electricity cut – обмеження подачі електроенергії
labor spy – шпигун, який слідкує за робітниками (а не робітничий шпигун)
veneer machine – машина для виробництва фанери (а не фанерна машина)
strike ballot – голосування з нагоди оголошення страйку
round robin – петиція з підписами по колу (щоб не можна було виявити ініціаторів)
The same formal non-expression of some semantic components in surface structure of word combinations is also observed in the word combinations like “Adjective + Noun”, especially in the case, when they have terminological character:
solid engine – двигун на твердому паливі (а не твердий двигун)
logical computer – обчислювач, який виконує логічні операції (а не логічний обчислювач)
the Un-American Committee – Комісія з розслідування антиамериканської діяльності (а не антиамериканська комісія).
Sometimes addition is stipulated by purely stylistic considerations:
She never used scent, and she had always thought it rather fast, but Eau de Cologne was so refreshing (S. Maugham, Before the Party).
Вона ніколи не пахтилася, вважаючи це ознакою легковажності, але одеколон – інша справа, він так приємно освіжає.
Causative constructions with the verbs to have, to get also require adding words in translation:
I can’t have her getting her death of cold and then not being fit for work.
Я не можу допустити, щоб вона злягла від застуди і потім знову не змогла працювати.
I had him read the script last night.
Учора ввечері я примусив його прочитати (домігся того, щоб він прочитав) сценарій.
Trinomial constructions to find (to see) oneself doing smth. are also translated with the help of Object added:
She found herself humming as she crossed the street.
Вона раптом помітила, що тихенько наспівує, переходячи вулицю.
Both grammatical and lexical transformations not infrequently require inserting additional elements, or visa versa, omitting them. Therefore omission and addition often go parallel with other types of grammatical transformations, more often with replacements of parts of speech. Insertion of additional words is stipulated by a number of reasons: differences in sentence structure and the fact that more compressed English sentences require more expanded expression of thought in Ukrainian. The lack of a corresponding word or lexical-semantic variant of a given word is also a reason for inserting additional words in translation:
Weathermen said here today that typhoon June, earlier thought to be heading toward Japan, would probably miss these already battered islands. (“Morning Star”)
Японські метеорологи повідомили сьогодні, що ураган „Джун“, який, як уважали раніше, прямує на Японію, можливо, обмине ці багатостраждальні острови.
Complex Nominative + Infinitive with two omitted elements (which was...) is unfolded into a subordinate clause plus introductory sentences: ... який, як вважали раніше, прямує... So, the differences in the sentence structure required addition in translation.
In the next sentence addition is caused by the lack of a noun equal to the word “conservationists” in Ukrainian:
The actions of Congress and of North Carolina and Tennessee statesmen, aided by-gifts of wise conservationists have set this land aside as Great Smoky National Park. (“National Geographic”)
Ця місцевість на березі річки Смокі-Хіл була перетворена в Національний парк завдяки зусиллям Конгресу та державних діячів штатів Північна Кароліна та Теннессі, а також завдяки пожертвам любителів природи, які розуміють усю важливість її збереження.
The word “conservationists” was rendered by two words: любителів природи; from the compatibility considerations the adjective “wise” is translated by the participial construction, by introducing additional words “які розуміють усю важливість її збереження. To correctly understand the sentence the words “штатів” and “на березі річки” were introduced. The last addition was made on the basis of a broad context. Passive participle “aided” is rendered by preposition “завдяки”. One should note lexical-grammatical transformation: have set this land aside – ця місцевість… була перетворена.
