- •Introduction
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •Topic 1. Translator’s activity
- •1.1. Profession of Translator
- •1.2. Bilingualism
- •1.3. Professional Education
- •1.4. Back-up Essentials of Translation
- •1.5. Pitfalls of Translation
- •1.6. Attitude to the Materials for Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to Passive Constructions in italics:
- •Topic 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. Qualities of Translator/Interpreter
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. Working with English-speaking Clients
- •2.4. Translation Industry
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. Profession Perspective
- •Topic 3. Basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. Types of Background Knowledge
- •Translate the text: Помилки перекладачів повертають до життя мертвих
- •Topic 4. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic problems of scientific-technical translation
- •4.1. The Subject Matter
- •4.2. Grammatical difficulties of scientific-technical translation
- •4.3. Grammatical Transformations in Scientific-technical Translation
- •4.4. Machine Translation
- •Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to polisemantic auxiliary words: as, but, but for, either, neither, which:
- •Topic 5. Units of translation
- •5.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •5.2. Level of Intonation
- •5.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes/Graphemes
- •Choose one the following nursery rhymes for literary translation:
- •Topic 6. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •6.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •6.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •6.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •6.4. Latin Roots
- •6.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •6.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •6.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to converted words and word combinations in italics:
- •Topic 7. Translation on the level of words
- •7.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •7.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: foreign words and phrases French Words: Pronunciation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to figurative expressions in italics:
- •Topic 8. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •8.1. Singular and Plural Forms in English and Ukrainian
- •8.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •8.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •8.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •8.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Bear or beer?
- •Topic 9. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •9.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •9.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: How to talk about pay
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to neologisms and egologisms in italics:
- •Topic 10. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •10.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •10.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •10.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •10.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •10.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: time management
- •Topic 11. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •11.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •11.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to elliptical constructions in italics:
- •Topic 12: stylistic, grammatical and syntactical peculiarities of idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Translate the following texts into Ukrainian: Semantic Change
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the homogeneous verbs which require different noun cases enhanced in italic font:
- •Topic 13: phrasal verbs and common english phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Translate the text into Ukrainian: The Importance of Analysis in Translation
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to affixal coinages in italics:
- •Topic 14: slang as a problem of translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Read and translate the dialogue below, learn the attached vocabulary and do the exercises below: American Slang: At the Mall Dialogue in slang
- •Translation of dialogue in standard English
- •Dialogue in slang as it would be heard
- •Vocabulary
- •Practice the Vocabulary
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to formal Subject (in italics) of a sentence which in translation becomes Object:
- •Topic 15: translation on the level of sentence and text
- •15.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •15.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •15.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Translate the following text paying attention to Geographical Names on the Map of the usa in italics:
- •1. Introduction Geographical Names
- •Learn the most popular English proverbs and their interpretation:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to homogeneous members of a sentence with different combinative power (in italics):
- •Topic 16: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •16.1. Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech
- •16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •16.3. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •16.4. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •16.5. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •16.6. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:
- •Topic 17: lexical replacements
- •17.1. Concretization
- •17.2. Generalization
- •17.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Vice Versa
- •17.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian:
- •2. When translating the names of Canadian towns, beware not only of English and French, but also of a capricious use of Latin
- •Translate the following sentences making complex syntactical transformations while translating:
- •Topic 18. Lexical replacements (continued)
- •18.1. Compensation
- •18.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •18.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Translate the following text into Ukrainian: Pretending to be a translator
- •Список літератури
17.4. Antonymic Translation
This type of transformation means that a certain word is translated not by a corresponding word of TL but by its antonym, with negation being added at the same time (or, if there is negation in the original sentence, it is omitted in translation):
It wasn’t too far. – Це виявилось досить близько.
I’ve lost her. – Я її не зберіг.
“Far” is translated as “близько” and negation in the predicate is omitted.
The necessity for this transformation arises due to several reasons:
peculiarities of the systems of SL and TL:
in Ukrainian the negative prefix “не” coinsides in its form with the negative particle “не”, while in English they differ (un-, in-, im-, dis-, mis-, ir-, etc., and the negative suffix –less on the one hand and the particle “not” on the other); so it is quite normal to say “not impossible, not misunderstand, not unnecessary” in English, while in Ukrainian “не неможливо, не не розуміти, не необхідно” is bad;
groups of antonyms in SL and TL do not necessarily coincide: in English the word “advantage” has an antonym “disadvantage”, while in Ukrainian the word “перевага” has no antonym, English has antonyms “to arrange – to disarrange”, while Ukrainian has only “систематизувати”, etc.
contextual requirements:
Sometimes antonyms become the most adequate way of rendering the contextual meaning:
a murderer is only safe when he is in prison
вбивця не становить загрози лиш тоді, коли сидить в тюрмі”.
In a particular context this transformation may help to render emotional and stylistic coloring of the text:
“He’s probably thirsty. Why don’t you give him some milk?” – “Мабуть, він хоче пити. Може, дати йому молока?”
Direct translation “Чому б не дати йому молока?” is not colloquial, while the heroes of P.G.Wodehouse speak in a highly informal way.
traditional norms of TL:
“I only wish I could. I wish I had the time” (S.Leacock)
“Мені дуже шкода, що я не можу. На жаль, у мене немає часу”.
The variant “Я би хотів, щоб я міг (в минулому)” is not Ukrainian.
Antonymic translation allows the translator to create a more natural grammatical structure in TL in cases, when the grammatical form comes into conflict with the rules of lexical compatibility and deprives the target text its expressiveness and clarity.
The following complex lexical-grammatical replacement is broadly spread: affirmative construction is transformed into a negative one and visa versa:
Sal.: Stradlater didn’t say anything. |
Стредлер промовчав. (Сказати – промовчати) |
I’m not kidding. |
Я вам серйозно кажу. (Жартувати – говорити серйозно) |
I meant it, too. |
І я не прикидався. |
That doesn’t happen much, though. |
Проте це нерідко трапляється. |
She wasn’t looking too happy. |
Вигляд у неї був доволі нещасний. |
I don’t hate too many guys. |
Я дуже мало кого ненавиджу. |
I don’t believe this is a smoker. |
Мені здається, це вагон для тих, хто не палить. |
They all had on the kind of hats that you knew they didn’t really live in New York. |
По їхніх капелюшках зразу ж було видно, що вони звідкілясь приїхали. |
I couldn’t think of anybody to call up. |
Я подумав, що дзвонити мені нема кому. |
Typical is the use of antonymic translation in rendering English construction not ... (un)til... into Ukrainian; (un)til being changed into “лише тоді, тільки (тоді), коли”, which to some extent may be considered its antonyms:
He did not begin to calm down until he had cut the tops off every camelia bush Mrs. Dubose owned (To kill...) |
Він трохи оговтався лишень тоді, коли позбивав верхівки з усіх камелій місіс Дюбоуз. |
|
They gave me the wrong book, and I didn’t notice it till I got back to my room. (Sal.) |
Я тільки вдома помітив, що мені дали не ту книгу. |
|
I didn’t think of it till we went half-way through the park. |
Згадав я про це, коли ми вже проїхали майже весь парк. |
|
He didn’t believe it until he saw the ruined farm. |
Він повірив у це, тільки коли сам побачив зруйновану ферму. |
|
It should be kept in mind, that negation in English is not necessarily expressed by the particle not, but other devices as well, e.g., with the help of preposition without:
He never met him afterwards without asking him. |
Після цього він кожен раз під час зустрічі питав його. |
The Radley-house had no screen doors. |
Двері в них були суцільними. |
Antonyms exist among such auxiliary parts of speech, as prepositions and particles:
Keep the child out of the sun. |
Не тримайте дитину на сонці. |
Keep off the grass. |
Не ходити по траві! |
Not too loud, please! |
Тихше, будь-ласка! |
Replacement of adjective or adverb in comparative or superlative degree by an adjective or adverb in neutral or zero degree or visa versa, which is followed by changing the construction “sign” + - ; - + is a special type of antonymic translation:
She paid Riri’s parents the proper visit of condolence, but she neither ate less heartily nor slept less soundly. (Maugham. A man with a Conscience) |
Вона, як годиться, відвідала батьків Рірі, принесла їм свої співчуття. Проте їла так само з апетитом і спала так само міцно, як завжди. |
I’m the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life (Sal.) |
Я страшенний брехун – такого ви ніколи в житті не бачили. |
It wasn’t as cold as it was the day before. |
Стало тепліше, ніж учора. |
The example of transforming affirmative construction into a negative one, is not accompanied by an antonymic replacement, but replacement of a compound sentence by a simple one and by the change of a syntactical function of the word before – “раніше”:
It will be February 8 before they return to Earth. |
Вони (астронавти) повернуться на землю не раніше ніж 8 лютого. |
If there are two negations present in one sentence, then the translation is made according to mathematical principle, i.e. when “minus plus minus in sum give plus”:
– When does she want to go? – ASAP, but she cannot book a flight until after the FAX comes that will help her get her visa. |
– Коли вона хоче полетіти? – Якомога швидше, але вона зможе замовити квиток на літак тільки тоді, коли надійде факс, що допоможе їй отримати візу. |
Once your hard disk is installed it should not be removed unless it is damaged or you upgrade to a larger disk. |
Якщо жорсткий диск встановлено, то знімати його слід лише тоді, коли він пошкоджений або коли ви хочете замінити його на більш місткий. |
But he was no outfielder as Ikey was. |
Йому більше таланило, ніж Айкі. (Він не був таким невдахою, як Айкі.) |
“A Forsyte”, replied young Jolion, “is not an uncommon animal.” |
„Форсайт, – відповів молодий Джуліан, – досить звичайна тварина“. |
Double negation frequently occurs in scientific-technical literature and colloquial expressions:
If I don’t misunderstand you… |
Якщо я вас правильно розумію… |
Not infrequently… |
Досить часто… |
Not disconnected with… |
Що має певний (деякий) зв’язок з… |
Not without reason… |
Досить обґрунтовано (не без причини)… |
Not inconsiderable… |
Досить значний… |
This may not seem unusual except we are on an enormous hill and it was blizzard conditions out. |
Це здається досить звичним, якщо не знаєш, що ми знаходимося на високому пагорбі, а на вулиці страшна завірюха… |
Nothing is impossible for him… |
Він все подолає… (Для нього немає нічого неможливого)… |
He doesn’t want to disobey you. |
Він хоче вас слухатись… |
We cannot (help) but hope he is right… |
Нам залишається лише сподіватись, що він має рацію… |
Antonymic translation is sometimes caused by lexical differences:
Snowdrifts three feet deep.
Кучугури з метр заввишки.
The city is built on terraces rising from the lake.
Місто збудоване на терасах, що збігають до озера.
Questions for discussion:
1. What types of lexical replacements do you know?
2. What is concretization?
3. What is generalization?
4. Can you explain the replacement of effecr by cause and vice versa?
5. How is antonymic translation manifested in translation?
6. What levels of translation are involved in antonymic translation?