1.2.2. Case
The nouns (though not all of them) have two cases: common case and the genitive
Case. The common case has no ending; the genitive case is formed by adding "-s" to the stem of the singular or the apostrophe - to the plural stem.
the boy the boy's books
the boys - the boys' books
The common case has a wide range of meanings find applications. The English noun in the common case (alone or preceded by a preposition) preceded by a preposition) will be found in contexts similar to those in which in Russian there will be different cases: nominative, dative, accusative, instrumental or prepositional.
The boy was reading a book. мальчик
I gave the book to the boy. мальчику
I saw a boy there. мальчика
I went there with the boy. с мальчиком
I spoke to her about the boy. о мальчике
The genitive case, on the contrary, is very much restricted in its meaning and application.
As a rule, it will be formed from concrete nouns denoting living being (person or animals). The English genitive case partly corresponds in its use to the Russian genitive case.
The boy’s book was lying on the table. (книга мальчика)
At first I didn't recognize the boy's voice. (голос мальчика)
The genitive case is also sometimes formed from inanimate nouns, especially the following:
• The nouns "world", "country", "nation", "city", "town", "government", "society", etc.
The world's politics; the government's committee, the nation's prosperity, etc.
• Nouns - names of countries, cities, towns
England's prime minister; London's municipal buildings
• Nouns (substantivized adverbs) denoting time or distance
A moment's delay; a mile's distance, today's newspapers
• Nouns denoting planets.
The sun's rays
Дәріс 3. Зат есімдердің грамматикалық сипаттамалары: тек, сан, септік категориялары.
Lecture 4. The Verb
1.0. Grammatical description
The English verb has two sets of forms" the finite forms and the non-finite forms (verbals): the infinitive, the gerund the, the participle.
I am writing exercises. - Finite forms
I have written exercises.
While writing I used a dictionary.
After writing the exercises 1 compared my text with the key. – Non-Finite forms.
It was rather difficult to write the exercise.
1.1.0. Semantics
In accordance with the volume of their lexical meaning the verbs may be subdivided into notional verbs (those having an independent lexical meaning), ional verbs (those which have a very general lexical meaning, which needs specification in the context modal, aspective and link verbs), auxiliary verbs (which have independent lexical moaning whatsoever).
He can write long letters. modal verbs
He began writing a letter. – Semi – notional verbs aspective verb
He is a writer. link verb
He is writing a letter.
1.1.1. The majority of English verbs are notional verbs. They may denote activity (“read”, “write”, “speak”), i.e. dynamic verbs, or they may denote physical or mental perception, feeling emotions (“see”, “hear”, “feel”, “smell”, “suppose”, “understand”, “like”, or relationship) (“have”, “possess”, “resemble”, “require”, “contain”), i.e. stative verbs.
1.1.2. Some motional verbs denote activities which involve not only the doer of the action, but also its object or addressee – transitive verbs.
He wrote me a letter.
Doer addressee object. Other notional verbs denote activities which do not necessary presuppose any object or addressee – intransitive verbs.
He left at three o’clock.
She danced very well.
1.1.3. Dynamic verbs may denote activities, which presuppose a certain natural termination of the activity – terminative verbs (“arrange”, “open”, “take”, “invite”). Other verbs denote activities which do not presuppose any definite natural termination – non-terminative verbs (“run”, “sing”, “laugh”, “walk”). Stative verbs are naturally always non-terminative. Different verbs and finite or non-finite forms of the same verb many grammatical peculiarities. Further on we shall speak about the grammatical properties of the in accordance with the following division:
a. The finite forms.
b. The non-finite forms. (verbals)
c. The modal verbs.
A. The Finite Forms.