Повелительное предложение

Косвенные приказания и просьбы вводятся глаголами, выражающими просьбу: to ask просить, to beg просить, умолять, to implore умолять или команду, приказание: to tell сказать, велеть, приказать, to order приказывать, to allow разрешать и др.

После этих глаголов следует инфинитивная конструкция "Объектный падеж с инфинитивом": местоимение в объектном падеже или существительное в общем падеже обозначают лицо, к которому обращена просьба или команда + инфинитив. Таким образом получается, что действие, выраженное в прямой речи повелительным наклонением (инфинитивом без to), заменяется в косвенной речи инфинитивом с частицей to.

Так как мы говорим об инфинитиве, то ни о каком согласовании времен речи нет. Личные, притяжательные и указательные местоимения, а также обозначения времени и места заменяются по смыслу.

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
The inspector said, "Stop the car." – Инспектор сказал: «Остановите машину».	The inspector told me to stop the car. – Инспектор велел мне остановить машину.
The prisoner said to her, "Please bring me a glass of water." - Заключенный сказал ей: «Пожалуйста, принесите мне стакан воды».	The prisoner asked her to bring him a glass of water. - Заключенный попросил ее принести стакан воды

Отрицательная форма глагола в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом с предшествующей частицей not.

He said to me, "Don't go there." - Он сказал мне: «Не ходите туда».

He told me not to go there. - Он велел мне не ходить туда. = Он не велел мне ходить туда.

She said to me, "Don't open the window, please." - Она сказала мне: “Не открывайте, пожалуйста, окно”.

She asked me not open the window. - Она попросила меня не открывать окно.

В русском языке повелительное наклонение заменяется в косвенной речи либо инфинитивом, либо придаточным предложением с союзом чтобы. В английском языке повелительное наклонение заменяется в косвенной речи только инфинитивом:

She said to him, "Close the door." - Она сказала ему: "Закройте дверь".

She told him to close the door. - Она велела ему закрыть дверь. = Она сказала, чтобы он закрыл дверь.

Примечание: Следует иметь в виду, что после глаголов to ask просить, to tell сказать, велеть, to order, to command приказывать в английском языке всегда следует косвенное дополнение, обозначающее лицо, к которому обращена просьба или приказание:

I asked him to send off the letter.

Я попросил его отослать письмо.

The chief of police ordered the policemen to catch the criminal.

Шеф полиции приказал полицейским поймать преступника.

В русском языке после соответствующих глаголов такое дополнение может отсутствовать: Я попросил отослать письмо. Капитан приказал разгрузить пароход.

Если после глагола, вводящего повелительное предложение в косвенной речи (т. е. после глаголов to ask, to order и т. д.), нет существительного или местоимения, обозначающего лицо, к которому обращено приказание или просьба, то повелительное предложение может передаваться “объектным инфинитивным оборотом”. В этом случае инфинитив употребляется в страдательном залоге.

The judge said, "Take the prisoner away." - Судья сказал: “Уведите подсудимого”.

The judge ordered the prisoner to be taken away. – Судья приказал увести подсудимого.

Упражнения.

1. Закончите предложения в косвенной речи, обратите внимание на изменение местоимений и глаголов.

Helen: I want to tell you something about the curious thing that happened yesterday.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: I went to a shop by bus.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: My boyfriend went with me.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: We spent half an hour waiting for a bus.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: Some guy was standing right behind my back.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says __________.

Helen: His clothes were all black.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: He came closer to me.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: I felt his hand sliding into the pocket of my bag.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that __________.

Helen: My boyfriend saw that.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says __________.

Helen: He stopped him but the thief ran away.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says __________.

2. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, обратите внимание на изменение местоимений и видовременных форм глаголов.

1. She said, "I am working on a case."

She said that __________.

2.They said, "We are busy with the investigation."

They said that __________.

3. He said, "I know a better lawyer."

He said that __________.

4.She said, "I know who the killer is."

She said that __________.

5.He said, "I will catch the criminal."

He said that __________.

6.They said, "The judge have just arrived."

They said that __________.

7.He said, "I will tell you who the thief is."

He said that __________.

8.The witness said, "I did not say that."

She said that __________.

9.She said, "I don't know where my husband is."

She said that __________.

10.The suspect said: "I won't tell you anything."

He said that __________.

3. Вопросы в косвенной речи. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, обратите внимание на изменение местоимений и видовременных форм глаголов.

1."Where is my client?" she asked.

She asked __________.

2."What are you doing here?" the policeman asked us.

The policeman asked us __________.

3.The prisoner asked, "Do I have to do it?"

The prisoner asked __________.

4. "Where have you been last night?" the prosecutor asked the witness.

The prosecutor asked the witness__________.

5."Who else was involved in this business?" the attorney asked her client.

The attorney asked her client__________.

6."What were they doing?" the judge asked.

The judge wanted to know __________.

7. "Are you going to the crime scene?" he asked me.

He wanted to know __________.

8.The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"

The teacher wanted to know __________.

9."How do you know that?" she asked the suspect.

She asked the suspect __________.

10. "Has the victim talked to the murderer?" my colleague asked me.

My colleague asked me __________.

4. Переведите на английский язык, используя правило согласования времен, где необходимо. Обратите внимание на видовременную форму глагола главного предложения.

1. Я думал, что ее не было там на момент совершения кражи.

2. Мы надеялись, что полицейские придут вовремя.

3. Я не знал, что его сестра изучает криминалистику.

4. Он уверен, что закончит рапорт до вечера.

5. Она сказала, что не хочет расследовать это дело.

6. Мы хотели знать, когда было совершено убийство .

7. Мой друг говорит, что уже прочитал этот отчет о раскрытом деле.

8. Я не знал, что он занят расследованием и не может мне помочь.

9. Никто не хотел верить, что обвиняемый сказал правду.

10. Она надеется, что я не буду работать над делом целый день в воскресенье.

5. Переведите на русский язык.

1. My friend said that he had finished his scientific research the day before.

2. They said that they were going to take their exam in Roman Law the next week.

3. His sister told me that she would study Law at the University.

4. The suspect said that he had served in the Far East two years before.

5. We were told that we could go in for different sports at our university.

6. They asked when the seminar in Administrative Law would take place.

7. My colleague said that he was very busy that week with his report.

8. The students said that they would study many new subjects the next year.

9. I was asked if I knew anything about the crime.

10.The policeman asked us when did we see the possible killer.

Тест.

1. Carol says she ___ Fred for years.

A was known B has been knowing C has known

2. Mom asked what time we ___ back the day before.

A had come B have come C come

3. The teacher ordered the pupils ___. 

A not to shout B to not shout C don’t shout

4. Chris said his parents ___ then.

A sleep B were sleeping C has been sleeping

5. Lena asked if I ___ her my pen.

A could lend B could have lent C will lend

6. He said he ___ to the pool the next day.

A is going B has gone C was going

7. Lucy says she ___ well.

A hadn’t felt B don’t feel C is not feeling

8. Andy asked Kate if she ___ to the circus.

A has ever been B had ever been C is

9. Tom said he ___ to see a new film.

A wanted B has wanted C will want

10. Nick demanded ___ the window.

A closed B to close C to be close

11. Claire explained that she ___ to hurt me.

A wasn’t mean B hadn’t meant C hasn’t meant

12. She said they ___ to the beach if the weather was fine.

A will go B went C would go

13. Tom says he ___ a newspaper.

A is reading B was read C read

14. My father asked if I ___ that film.

A has watched B will be watching C was watching

15. Kate’s mom warned her that it ___ to rain

A is going B was going C has been going

16. She tried to find out where we ___ our holidays the previous year.

A had spent B will spend C are spending

17. Mike told us they ___ tennis all morning the day before.

A played B had been playing C has played

18. My aunt said she ___ me an interesting book.

A may bring B might brought C might bring

19. The customer asked where they ___ meat.

A has sold B sold C will sell

20. Sean added that he ___ Ann the next day.

A would visit B will visit C had visited

21. Greg told his brother he ___ pop music.

A couldn’t stand B can’t stand C can’t have stand

22. Dina says she ___ to the museum yesterday.

A has been B will be C was

23. Tim explained that he ___ his mom’s car.

A didn’t take B hadn’t taken C hasn’t taken

24. Laura asked if I ___ some tea.

A have wanted B will want C wanted

25. My sister told me ___ an ice-cream for her.

A buy B to buy C bought

Ответы.

1 C

2 A

3 A

4 B

5 A

6 C

7 C

8 B

9 A

10 B

11 B

12 C

13 A

14 C

15 B

16 A

17 B

18 C

19 B

20 A

21 A

22 C

23 B

24 C

25 B