- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
"I'm sorry that I didn't telephone yesterday," said Mel. Mel apologised…..
Monday's a public holiday so we won't be going to work. No one …….
He said he was sorry that he couldn't help me further. He apologised ……
Cherry was a good secretary so the company employed her. The company ……..
Did she give any reason why she was absent? What …..
The reason why he left remains a mystery. It's ………
Did she give you any reason why she behaved in that way? Did she give you any reason ……….
I don't know the reason why they refused. I don't know the reason …….
He said he was sorry that he didn't come to dinner. He apologised …….
I thought they were coming at 7:00 so I stayed at home. I stayed ………
If they hadn't trusted him, they wouldn't have taken his advice. They took ……..
Not being able to afford a taxi, we had to go by bus. We were forced …….
Was there any reason given why he looked so miserable? Did he ……
The director is abroad so he won't be attending the meeting. The director won't ……….
As she was a witness to the accident, she was asked to make a statement. Being ………
Clauses of concession
Clauses of Concession follow the rule of the sequence of tenses and are introduced by:
1. Although / Even though / Though (informal) + clause
e.g. Although she spent all afternoon on the project, she didn't finish it.
"Though" can also be put at the end of the sentence:
e.g. She spent all afternoon on the project. She didn’t finish it, though.
2. However / No matter how + adjective / adverb + subject + (may) + verb
e.g. No matter how slowly he may speak, he can't make himself understood.
e.g. However slowly he speaks, he can't make himself understood.
3. Whatever / No matter what + clause
e.g. Whatever what he said, she wasn't convinced.
e.g. No matter what he said, she wasn't convinced.
4. Adjective / Adverb + though + subject + (may) + verb
e.g. Rich though he is, he is not happy.
e.g. Well-qualified though he may be, he can't find a job.
e.g. Early though he left / he may have left, he didn't arrive on time.
5. Adjective / Adverb + as + subject + verb
e.g. Careful as she is, she had an accident.
e.g. Fast as he ran, he didn't catch the bus.
e.g. Much as I like her, I disapprove of her choice.
6. Even if + should + infinitive (unlikely to happen)
e.g. Even if it should rain, I'm still going swimming.
Notes
Coordinate clauses rendering the meaning of concession are introduced by nevertheless, however, nevertheless, yet, but, still, while, whereas, on the other hand etc.
e.g. She is tall, while / whereas her brother is rather short.
e.g. The man fell off the ladder. However / Nevertheless, he wasn't hurt.
e.g. It was cold, but she wasn't wearing a coat.
e.g. Cars aren't environmentally friendly. On the other hand, bicycles are.
e.g. Tom studied hard, yet he failed his exam.
Adverbial modifiers of concession can be introduced by in spite of / despite + noun / V-ing:
e.g. Despite / In spite of being rich they aren't happy.
e.g. Despite the fact / In spite of the fact that they are rich, they aren't happy.