- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
e.g. Ann is very friendly. She lives next door. → Ann, who lives next door, is very friendly.
1. There’s a woman living next door. She’s a doctor. The woman … 2. I’ve got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. He’s a doctor. My brother Jim ... 3. There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted ten days. It is now over. The strike at the car factory … 4. I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now. I’ve found … 5. London was once the largest city in the world, but the population is now falling. The population of London … 6. A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications. Few of … 7. Margaret has a son. She showed me a photograph of him. He’s a policeman. Margaret showed me … 8. Robert’s parents live in Spain now. They are both retired. 9. Sydney is Australia’s largest city. It has a population of more than three million. 10. Peter’s sister is a very nice person. I’ve known her for years. 11. We saw Sue last night with a man. He works in the library. 12. Maria speaks excellent English. She has only been in Britain for a few weeks. 13. Brighton is about 85 kilometres from London. It is a tourist centre on the south coast of England. 14. My sister didn’t want to go to the restaurant. She wasn’t feeling very hungry. 15. The chair has now been repaired. It has been broken.
Revision
13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
e.g. Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.
he invented the telephone he flew the first real aeroplane it won the race she runs away from home they stole my car it makes washing machines they are never on time he made wonderful violins it cannot be explained it gives you the meaning of words they were on the wall it can support life he invented the printing machine |
1. The book is about a girl… 2. Johann Gutenberg was a German… 3. What was the name of the horse… 4. The police have caught the men… 5. Alexander Bell was the man… 6. What’s happened to the pictures… 7. A mystery is something… 8. Oliver Wright was an American… 9. A dictionary is a book… 10. I don’t like people… 11. It seems that Earth is the only planet… 12. Antonio Stradivari was an Italian…
14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
e.g. Jane has now sold her old car. (she was given it by her parents) →
Jane has now sold the old car which/that/Ø she was given by her parents.
1. The house is for sale. (it is next to ours) 2. Most of the forests have now been destroyed. (they once covered Britain) 3. He took me to see the old farmhouse. (he is rebuilding it) 4. There have been complaints about the noise from people. (they live in the flats) 5. A doctor has had to retire through ill health. (we know him) 6. A girl was injured in the accident. (she is now in hospital) 7. A man answered the phone. (he told me you were away) 8. A waitress served us. (she was impolite and impatient) 9. A building was destroyed in the fire (it has now been rebuilt) 10. A bus goes to the airport. (it runs every half hour).
15. Rewrite the story below joining each pair of sentences. In each case change the second sentence into a relative clause. Remember to use commas where necessary (i.e. for descriptive clauses). The first one is done for you:
e.g. Fred joined a gang of robbers. He needed some money quickly. →
Fred, who needed some money quickly, joined a gang of robbers.
1. The gang were planning a robbery. The robbery would make them all rich. 2. They were going to rob a bank. This bank was in the center of the city. 3. The bank was in a busy street. The bank had a lot of business. 4. The plans for robbery were carefully prepared. The gang had made these plans. 5. Fred was nervous. He had never done anything so dangerous before. 6. The evening before the robbery Fred went to the pub. He knew the pub. 7. Fred mentioned the “job” to a barman. Fred was very excited. 8. A man got up and left the pub. He had been sitting in the corner. 9. The next day in the bank the robbers found a dozen policemen. The policemen were waiting for them. 10. The judge gave Fred five years. The judge was a kind man.