- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
e.g. I love the countryside. That is why I want to go and live there. →
I love the countryside, which is why I want to go and live there.
They stayed for hours. I was very annoyed about this.
He passed all his exams. This surprised us.
They forgot about my birthday. This was a bit disappointing.
The pilot showed us how to fly the plane. It was extremely interesting.
I couldn’t get a flight to Malaga. This upset the children.
He was rude and aggressive. His behaviour made me very angry.
He said they couldn’t pay for the car immediately. This made me a bit suspicious.
The policeman asked me for directions. This confused me a little.
The restaurant wouldn’t accept cheques. I found it rather surprising.
He fixed my player within ten minutes. I was very happy about it.
7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
e.g. When I was in town, I met my sister. She was shopping for some clothes. →
When I was in town, I met my sister, who was shopping for some clothes.
1. Their house needs a lot of work doing to it. It is near the beach. 2. Sandra’s just got a new job with Capital Insurance. It’s a much better company than the last one she worked for. 3. The new manager seems to be a very capable woman. I met her last week. 4. This case is full of books. I carried it all the way to the station. 5. The Games International Company has just gone bankrupt. We have done business with them for many years. 6. The hospital has handed out redundancy notice to all its staff. It is due to close down next year. 7. The prisoners are requesting more time out of their cells. Their families are campaigning on their behalf. 8. The new government is now facing major problems. It came to power with a lot of public support. 9. Her latest novel is really good. I read it on holiday. 10. The Home Affairs Minister is suspected of being involved in a financial scandal. The Opposition have accused the minister of lying. 11. The Education Department is changing its policy on single sex schools. Mrs. Parkinson is in charge of the department. 12. The Lilley and Swan department store has made reductions on most of its goods. The store has a sale on at the moment. 13. The sales manager is planning a new advertising campaign. I support her ideas. 14. The principal actor could hardly speak last night due to a sore throat. He normally has a wonderful voice.
8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
Her books are read all over the world. It was very crowded. We love to walk around them. It is very powerful. I like her very much. He is staying in a nursing home. She came over to apologize to us. He is staying in his holiday home in Scotland at the moment. Her parent believed it. I always attend her lectures. |
e.g. This new drug have bad side effects. → This new drug, which is very powerful, have bad side effects.
1. Her father is said to be dying of cancer. 2. The Prime Minister said that he was very saddened by the news of the air crash. 3. The story she gave was that she had not realized how late it was. 4. Agatha Christie was a very prolific writer. 5. The sub-tropical gardens are open all year round. 6. The manager of the restaurant said that she was very sorry about the undercooked fish. 7. Our Professor of Psychology has written some very interesting books. 8. We packed a picnic and walked down to the beach. 9. Next Saturday I’m going to visit my Aunty Sheila.