- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
1. The British are almost the only people __ drive on the left. 2. Canada, __ capital city is Ottawa, is a bilingual country. 3. The resource __ Saudi Arabia is famous for is its oil. 4. The language __ is dominant in South America is Spanish. 5. Most of the Americans __ I know are from California. 6. The Japanese, __ electronics industry is very efficient, have a big export market. 7. Tourists __ wish to travel to Russia must apply for a visa. 8. Spain, Portugal and Greece have become members of the European Economic Community, __now includes twelve countries. 9. The Shetland Irelands, _ lie halfway between Scotland and Norway, can be reached by sea or air. 10. Countries in __ motorways are free include Germany and Britain. 11. It was an awful experience. It was the worst thing that had ever happened to me. 12. Our doctor is a person whom I really respect. 13. He had a simple idea which changed the world. 14. I’ve lost that nice ring which Bill gave me. 15. It’s a book that everybody talks about and nobody reads. 16. Once there were three rabbits that lived near a river. 17. That’s the man who I wanted to see. 18. An orphan is a child who hasn’t got any parent. 19. He keeps telling you things which you already know. 20. They never thanked me for the money that I sent them.
10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
1. We’re looking for someone __ can speak two foreign languages at least. 2. The man next door, __ is unemployed at the moment, has asked me to help him find a job. 3. Is he the same man __ we met at the bar a couple of days ago? 4. Who is his wife? Perhaps she’s the woman __ we were talking about yesterday? 5. He did the decorating in this flat, __, by the way, is the same size as mine. 6. The things __ he said about his previous jobs are very interesting. 7. Are you talking about the music __ was being played at their party. 8. You have no taste! The souvenirs __ you bought during your trip are really awful. 9. Who is the person __ you’re staring at? 10. There are people and places __ I’ll remember all my life.
11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
I have three umbrellas. I bought one of them in Paris. That one needs repairing.
The umbrella which I bought in Paris needs repairing.
The umbrella, which I bought in Paris, needs repairing.
I have one colleague. He works extremely hard. He has few friends.
My colleague who works extremely hard is not very popular.
My colleague, who works extremely hard, is not very popular.
I have several aunts. One works in New York. She’s getting married.
My aunt who works in New York is getting married.
My aunt, who works in New York, is getting married.
Peter made some sandwiches. They have all been eaten. You made some too. Your sandwiches have not been eaten.
The sandwiches which Peter made have all been eaten.
The sandwiches, which Peter made, have all been eaten.
There was only one park in this town. Someone has built over it. We used to play in the park when we were children.
The local park where we played as children has been built over.
The local park, where we played as children, has been built over.
One of my French teachers helps me with my homework. The other one lives too far away.
The French teacher whose house is near mine help me with my homework.
The French teacher, whose house is near mine, help me with my homework.
You met one of my cousins last summer, the one from America. He’s coming to stay again.
My American cousin who you met last summer is coming to stay again.
My American cousin, who you met last summer, is coming to stay again.
There were a lot of candidates in the presidential election. Three of them were women. The winner was one of them. She had campaigned for better housing conditions.
The woman who led the campaign for better housing conditions has been elected President.
The woman, who led the campaign for better housing conditions, has been elected President.
Only my boyfriend sent me flowers, but I had some other presents, including a vase. I put the flowers in the vase.
The flowers which my boyfriend sent look beautiful in my new vase.
The flowers, which my boyfriend sent, look beautiful in my new vase.
I took two cameras away with me. You lent me one of them. That’s the one that got broken.
The camera which you lent me has been broken.
The camera, which you lent me, has been broken.