- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
Although we warned her, she swam there anyway. In spite …
In spite of his being wealthy, he's terribly mean. Wealthy …
However you speak to her, she always takes offence. No matter …
Apart from Geography she enjoys all her lessons. With …
He isn't very clever; nevertheless, he passed the exam. Although …
No matter what you offer to pay him, he won't accept the job. Whatever …
Slow as he is, he finished the work before I did. Even though …
Despite the fact that she practises regularly, she doesn't play tennis well. Although …
They are not well-off; nevertheless, they seem to spend a lot of money. In spite …
Complain as she might, nothing will ever change. Although …
He works extremely hard. He enjoys his job, though. No matter …
Clauses of manner
Clauses of Manner are introduced by as if / as though.
e.g. He is acting as if he's had bad news.
e.g. She talks as if she knows everything.
e.g. It seems as though a hurricane is coming.
The verb usage following as if / as though is normally similar to that in conditionals and depends on whether the ideas. Note the following examples:
Expressing similarity / probability (how sb / sth seemed) |
as if / as though + any tense form e.g. She behaves as if she is rich. (She may be rich, she may not – she seems to be rich, anyway.) e.g. She felt as if she had a high temperature. (We don't know but she seemed to have a high temperature.)
|
Unreal in the present |
as if / as though + Past Simple / Past Continuous e.g. She's not from Spain but she speaks Spanish as if she were / was from Spain. (not true – she is not from Spain)
|
Unreal in the past |
as if / as though + Past Perfect e.g. He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (not true – he didn't see a ghost)
|
Notes
We can use like instead of as if / as though only in spoken English.
e.g. It looks as if it is going to snow. = It looks like it's going to snow.
Exercises
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
He is very fit. He looks as if he (train) every day. I wonder how he finds the time.
She looks as if his remark (hurt) her. He shouldn't have made it.
Try to live each day as if it (be) your last.
The tea was not made with sour milk, but it tasted as if it (be/made) with sour milk.
Tony knew nothing, but he acted as if he (know) something.
She isn't the Queen of England, but she talks as if she (be) the Queen of England.
The girl was staring at the car as if she (never/see) one before.
He behaves as if he (be) the boss of this company, but I'm glad to say he's not.
I don't think I'll bother taking a coat. It looks as if it (be) warm.
Do you know if Amanda is expecting a baby? She looks as if she (be) pregnant.
When he saw my new haircut, he looked at me as if I (just/step off ) a spaceship.
It was so hot after the aerobics class I felt as though my face (be) on fire.
Bob hadn't received any news but he seemed really happy as if he (just/receive) news of his promotion.
My father is so strict, he acts as if he (be) a general in the army.
His employees are not slaves but he treats them as if they (be).
She was wandering up and down the street. She looked as though she (be) lost.
Although he had a degree in French, it sounded as though he (not/speak) it well.
The sky is dark. It looks as if it (rain).
Tom is twenty-five years old, but he sometimes acts as though he (be) a child.
Colin was out of breath. He sounded as though he (run).
Jim has only just learned this game, but he plays it as if he (play) it for years.
We had never met before, but she greeted me as if we (know) each other all our lives.