- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
Exercises
1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
1. I have seldom eaten at such an expensive restaurant. (Seldom...) 2. She had no sooner fallen asleep than the telephone rang. (No sooner...) 3. We not only got lost, but our car broke down. (Not only...) 4. I have never heard such a terrible story before. (Never before...) 5. We realised only then that the jewels were stolen. (Only then...) 6. Business has rarely been so good. (rarely...) 7. The boss has not once given him a bonus. (Not once...) 8. You should not enter this room under any circumstance. (Under/In no circumstances...) 9. I got to know Peter only after meeting him several times. (Only after...) 10. The police didn’t know that the man was a criminal. (Little...) 11. I haven’t been to the beach since last summer. (Not since...) 12. We haven’t had such a wonderful time anywhere else. (Nowhere else...) 13. He had barely entered the office when the manager called him. (Barely...) 14. The door couldn’t be opened without using force. (Only by…) 15. He only thought about having a holiday abroad after he retired. (Not until…) 16. She didn’t realise what would happen to her next. (Little…) 17. She made no sound as she crept upstairs. (Not…) 18. The existence of extraterrestrial life is not confirmed by the report. (In no way…) 19. The demand for the book is so great that shops all over the country have sold out. (Such…) 20. He was so confident of passing that he felt he didn’t need to revise any more. (So…) 21. The wind was so strong that half the trees in the area were blown down. (Such/the force of the wind…) 22. His story sounded so unlikely that no one believed him. (So…)
2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
1. Never … such a beautiful dress. 2. No sooner … than there was a knock at the door. 3. Only by … did we finish the report on time. 4. On no account … arrive late on Monday morning. 5. Not only … my wallet, but my watch was missing too. 6. Only when … did I realise I had been asleep. 7. Not since I was young … such an enjoyable day.
3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
0. I have a terrible cold. – So do I. 1. I didn’t go to the party last night. – Nor … . 2. We went shopping yesterday. – So … . 3. I’ve got some good news! – So … . 4. I didn’t win the prize. – Nor … . 5. I’ll send Kim a card. – So … . 6. I went skiing last year. – So … . 7. We’re not going on holiday this year. – Neither… . 8. I can play the guitar. – So … . 9. I’m not going to work tomorrow. – Neither … . 10. She never has breakfast. – Neither … . 11. I didn’t tell lies even when I was a child. – Neither … . 12. I always tell the truth. – So … .
4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
1. The rain came down. 2. The birds flew away. 3. My house is at the end of the road. 4. The actors came onto the stage. 5. The airplane rose up into the sky. 6. The Grand Hotel stands at the foot of the mountain. 7. The policeman walked down the street. 8. The window cleaner climbed up the ladder. 9. He went away. 10. I may be old, but I’m not stupid.