- •Unit 1
- •1. Read the text, translate it into Russian. At the dental polyclinic
- •Vocabulary Extension
- •2. Study the following.
- •1. Rooms
- •3. Chairs
- •4. Dental and Medical Specialists
- •3. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •4. Find word-partnerships and translate them into Russian.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the clues:
- •9. Answer the questions to the text.
- •10. Study the following.
- •11. Read and translate the text. Pick out and analyze the ing-forms. Make an abstract of the article using the following phrases:
- •1. Read and translate the text. The dentist
- •3. Pronounce the proper names.
- •8. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.
- •10. Choose the correct form (the ing-form or Participle II).
- •The historic background of dentistry
- •1. Derive the meaning of the following international words.
- •2. Study the following.
- •3. Pick out all the ing-forms and Participles II from the text. State their
- •4. Translate into English using the words from the text. Pay attention to the use of the subordinate clauses.
- •5. Supply the prepositions if necessary.
- •6. Imagine that you are going to make up an aptitude test for a prospective dentist. What items would you include to estimate a person's aptitude. Give your reasons.
- •7. Answer the questions to the text.
- •2. Study the following.
- •1. Derive the meaning of the international words.
- •3. Choose the sentence which describes the gist of the 1st and 2nd paragraphs best of all. Give your reasons.
- •Instruments
- •9. Speak about:
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents of combinations.
- •3. Match the words with their definitions.
- •4. Say what specialist do you have to see if you have one of the following defects or diseases:
- •5. Speak about a patient's complaints and sufferings according to the following plan:
- •7. Describe stomatological sciences matching a word in the 1st column with a
- •10. Translate the sentences into Russian. Find the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose.
- •11. Replace the ing-form by the infinitive constructions.
- •1. Match the word-combinations in the 1st column with the phrases in the 2nd to describe the duties of the staff of a dental polyclinic.
- •2. Match the words and word-combinations in the three columns to say where these actions are performed.
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •6. Read and translate the text. Divide it into paragraphs. Suggest a title for each paragraph. Give your reasons for it.
- •8. Choose the -ing-form or the infinitive.
- •1. Study the following.
- •2. Use the word-combinations given below to speak about:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •8. Speak on:
- •9. Describe the dental services using the words given below.
- •10. Speak about:
- •11. Fill in the missing words in the required form:
- •Caries and its treatment
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents of the English words.
- •3. Study the following words.
- •4. Match the words with their definitions.
- •5. Match the opposites.
- •6. Fill in the prepositions.
- •The process of root canal treatment
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Match the words with their definitions.
- •3. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:
- •4. Fill in the prepositions.
- •Find the infinitive constructions in the text, state their functions.
- •Make up a list of verbs and word-combinations denoting the actions carried out by a dentist performing root canal treatment. Say what the aim of each action is.
- •7. Choose the word which suits best.
- •8. Choose the correct tense-form (active or passive).
- •9. Answer the questions to the text:
- •What are the main procedures of root canal treatment? What instruments do these actions involve?
- •Make an abstract of the text about root canal treatment using phrases:
Caries and its treatment
1. Read and translate the text.
Caries presents a major problem to every dentist constantly. Many people suffer from this disease nowadays. There are several factors which cause caries: a) a combination of diets, b) certain kinds of bacteria, c) tooth susceptibility. Equally important is the factor of bad ecology.
The first symptom of caries is a small crack or a spot in a tooth enamel. When it is on a tooth surface the man does not feel any pain. When a crack destroys the tooth and produces cavity the man feels discomfort on chewing and when the tooth is heated or cooled. Sometimes the tooth quickly destroys and makes a large cavity. When it does so the man feels bad pain caused by the involvement of the pulp. The patient must go to the dentist as soon as he reveals a crack or cavity or any tooth reaction on a temperature.
When a patient comes to the dentist the dentist examines patient's teeth thoroughly. He reveals the stage of a disease and makes a plan of its treatment. First of all the dentist must prepare the cavity for fillings. He cleans out all decayed layers and the walls of the cavity with different handpieces of the bur and excavator. Then he prepares a special mixture of zink oxide and eugenol and places the base of the filling and a temporary filling of oxyphosphate cement. For this procedure he uses a spatula and a stopfer. If a patient has pain in a tooth the cavity must be opened and the tooth must be treated or extracted.
In order to prevent caries we must keep out teeth healthy, we must not neglect them. Oral hygiene helps us in this case. We must brush our teeth with a fluoridated paste twice a day and wash our mouth after each meal.
2. Give the Russian equivalents of the English words.
caries symptom cement
major enamel permanent
problem produce extract
dentist cavity hygiene
factors discomfort prevent
combination reaction
diet excavator
bacteria oxyphosphate
3. Study the following words.
suffer from constantly susceptibility
страдать постоянно
чувствительность, восприимчивость
chewing cause
involvement
thoroughly
fluoridated
жевание
1) вызывать, 2) причина
поражение
тщательно
обработанный фтором
4. Match the words with their definitions.
a chemical element
combination of several substances (e. g. medicines)
a line along which something has broken, but not
into completely separate parts
hard outer covering of teeth
to work food between the teeth to make it easier to
swallow
the process of becoming/making something bad or rotten
a machine for revealing or taking out what is inside a tooth
the state of being easily influenced or harmed by something
crack
tooth enamel to chew
mixture susceptibility
excavator
zinc oxide
decay
5. Match the opposites.
discomfort to reveal to heat major neglect to clean out healthy different
to take care
to fill
decayed/destroyed
to conceal
similar
minor
to cool
comfort
6. Fill in the prepositions.
1. There was a dark stain... the surface of his tooth. 2. The dentist discovered a big crack . the tooth enamel. 3. He thought he had his pulp affected as he had noticed his tooth reaction ...the hot and cold food. 4. The crack ... the tooth enamel caused its further decay and soon he felt discomfort ... chewing. 5. The dental therapeutist must clean . all debris and decayed layers . different instruments. 6. If you don't brush your teeth . a toothpaste, your teeth will be exposed .the influence . different bacteria. 7. If you have a pain . your gum, you may have gingivitis. 8. You can reduce the risk ... getting oral cancer ... avoiding prolonged exposure ... the sun. 9. An athlete should wear a special
mouthguard to protect his teeth ... injury. 10. What factors contribute greatly ... gum diseases?
Make up a plan of the text.
Answer the questions.
What are main factors causing caries?
What are the signs and symptoms of caries?
What instruments does the dentist use when he examines the patient's mouth?
What are the main procedures while treating caries?
What kind of filling does the dentist prepare?
What measures must we take to prevent caries?
9. Speak on:
Factors causing caries.
Symptoms of diseases.
Methods of examination and instruments used.
Methods of filling cavity.
Preventive hygiene.
10. Make up dialogues. Imagine that:
You are a patient having caries.
You are a dentist receiving a patient.
Tell your friend about your latest visit to the dentist.
Use the verb in brackets in the correct tense.
N.: Come in, Tom. I am glad to see you. You look pale. Anything (happen) to you?
T.: I (have not) an accident, if that's what you mean. But it (be) almost as bad. N.: I just (make) tea. Sit down and have a cup and tell me what you (be) up to. T.: Last week I (buy) a packet of nut chocolate. I (put) a piece in my mouth and (bite) hard and believe me, one of my teeth (break) with a crack like a pistol-shot! I (spit) out a large bit of tooth and a small stone. N.: Your tooth (hurt) dreadfully?
T.: To begin with it only (ache) a little bit but I (wake) up in the night with a violent toothache. I (have) no more sleep that night. I never (be) in such agony. I (ring) up the dentist as soon as possible. I (see) him the same day and he (give) me a temporary filling. But the tooth (be) too badly damaged to be saved and so I (go) back to him early this afternoon and he (take) it out. I just (come) from his
surgery; I (lose) my appetite, especially for chocolate, but I'm grateful you (make) a cup of tea, it will do me all the good in the world.]
N.: I'm sorry you (have) such a dreadful time. I'm glad you (remember) me and come here immediately after leaving the dentist's.
13. Complete the sentences using the structure have smth done.
1. Most people who have actually had root canal treatment usually report that the treatment itself is no more painful than (to place a filling). 2. But if a tooth's nerve (to remove its nerve tissue) during root canal treatment, it won't provide any sensory information any longer. 3. It is usually best to exercise caution with a tooth which is undergoing root canal treatment or (to complete treatment). 4. It is necessary to (perform root canal treatment) properly. 5. The dentist recommended to him that he should (to replace all his extracted teeth). 6. It is advisable to make plans (to perform the treatment) sooner rather than later. 7. (to extract a tooth) may turn out to be very expensive in the long run. 8. The patient should (to X-ray a tooth) before (to extract a tooth). 9. Those people who prior to bleaching already notice sensitivity to hot and cold after (to clean their teeth) are more likely to have some problems. 10. Most people see their dentist every 6 months for a dental check, and (to take x-ray) at least once per year.