Ар of 90Бг роПигіоп, 2006

УЖГОРОД

V, ^пуій

ЛЬВІВ

ТЕРНОПІЛЬ

ІВАНО-ФРАНКІВСЬК

Слмутич

.ЧЕРНІГІВ

Коростень і Іван*:в

СУМИ

ЖИТОМИР

кХАРКІВ

ХМЕЛЬНИЦЬКИЙ

Вінниця

КІРОВОГРАД

ПОЛТАВА

ІІПРОПЕТРОВСЬК

ДОНЕЦЬК

ЗАПОРІЖЖЯ

Суммарное загрязнение местности стронцием-90

(глобальное + чернобыльское)

кБк/м²

МИКОЛАЇВ

:ерсон

СЕВАСТОПОЛЬ

Nuclear effects - n, a radiation, and extremely energetic g can cause nuclear transmutation and induced radioactivity.

• Chemical effects - ionization of molecules can lead to formation of highly reactive free radicals, which may then react with materials even after the original radiation has stopped

• Electronic effects - ionization of materials increases their conductivity, potentially permitting damaging current levels (impact on electronic equipment)

• Biological effects ....

Radiation causes Ionizations of:

ATOMS which may affect

MOLECULES

CELLS which may affect TISSUES which may affect ORGANS which may affect

The whole body

4. Radiation damai

Ions of ir

Radiolytic Decomposition of Water in a Cell

biological effects

Direct

5\

Indirect

Direct action is predominant with alpha particles and neutrons.

Indirect action is predominant with X and gamma rays

3- c

OH- hydroxide H+ hydrogen ion H° hydrogen - |_|Q0 neutral hydroxide'

ten radiation strikes living tissue, there are a number of possible outcomes

1. No damage at all

2. Cell damage that is repaired

Bodies have enzymes and proteins whose purpose it is to locate damage and repair it

3. Cell damage that leads to cell death

• trillion trillion atoms, these types of events are very common

• large amount of radiation over a short period of time

• causes dying of large number of cells leading to serious

• consequences such as illness or death

4. Cell chromosome damage that is

incorrectly repaired (“mutated”)

- mutation leading to cancer

4. Radiatio

biological effects

Cell and Organ Sensitivity

The most ‘radiosensitive’ cells are

• actively

proliferating/dividing at the time of exposure

• 

  Organ Sensitivity

  (from most sensitive to least sensitive)

  • Blood Forming Organs

  • Reproductive and Gastrointestinal Tract Organs

  • Skin

  undifferentiated (non­specialized in structure and function)

• Muscle

Factors of Whole Body Sensitivity

• Total Dose

• Type of Cell

• Type of Radiation

• Age of Individual

• Stage of Cell Division

• Part of Body Exposed

• General State of Health

• Tissue Volume Exposed

• Time Interval over which Dose is Received