Iological radiation effects

Deterministic effects (High Doses (Acute))

• Severity of deterministic.effects will increase with increasing doses.

• There is a certain level, the "threshold", below which the effect will be absent.

Stochastic effects (Low Doses (Chronic))

• The severity of stochastic effects is independent of the absorbed dose.

• Effects may or may not occur.

• There is no threshold and the probability of having the effects is proportional to the dose absorbed.

Stochastic effects Deterministic effects

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Cancer Genetic Prob « dose

cataract infertility erythema

epilation 1 Sv acute radiation syndrome

500 mSv cataract DOSE

150 mSv for sterility (temporary-males)

2500 mSv for ovarian

ama

Low Doses of Radiation

Categories of Effects to Low Doses of Radiation

• Genetic - mutation of the reproductive cells

• Somatic - carcinogenic effects

• In-Utero - a special case of the somatic effect, since the embryo is the one exposed to the radiation

10 8 6 4 2 0

wniwniwWi 1)1! til I W 111

Lung Cancer Incidence/1000 Person-Years

0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100

Total Radon Exposure (Working Level Months)

protection from external irradiation

• 1) time;

• 2) distance;

• 3) protection by amount of activity or dose;

• 4) shielding .

For protection from internal irradiation

• To exclude the hit of active materials in the

environment by right planning of premises, by capsulation of manufacturing equipment, by maintenance of technical safety etc.

• To exclude the hit of active materials inside the organism by maintenance of regulations of work with radioactive nuclides, by use individual security facilities, by effective ventilation and deactivation

1. 5. Radi Radiation safety principles Justification: no unnecessary use of radiation is permitted, the advantages must outweigh the disadvantages.

2. Limitation: Each individual must be protected against risks that are far too large through individual radiation dose limits.

3. Optimization: Radiation doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable.

Legislation in Ukraine

• Norms of Radiation Safety (NRSU-97), 1997 with Addendum (NRSU-97 /D-2000), 2000

• Basic Sanitary Rules for Radiation Safety in Ukraine

(OSPU-2005)

• Law of Ukraine “On Protection of People against Ionizing Radiation”, 1998

• Law of Ukraine “On Use of Nuclear Energy and Radiation Safety”

• Law of Ukraine “On Radioactive Waste Management”

• NRSU-97 is basic state document which defines

• general requirements for health protection from potential injury due to irradiation; safe operation of radiation sources; environmental protection;

• Limit of Dose (LD) and Maximum Permissible Dose of radiation (MPD) for categories of people (A, B & C) and different regulations (everyday operation, medicine practice and accidents).

Law of Ukrain "On Protection of People against Ionizing Radiation",