Lesson 3 Engine Part 1

An engine, or motor, is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn fuel to create heat, which then creates a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others—such as clockwork motors in wind-up toys—use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to create forces and eventually motion.

"Engine" was originally a term for any mechanical device that converts force into motion. Hence, pre-industrial weapons such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams were called "siege engines". The word "gin," as in "cotton gin", is short for "engine." The word derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium, which is also the root of the word ingenious. Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example.

In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust). Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets.

Vocabulary

internal – внутренний

external – внешний

force - сила

eventually – [i’ventʃʊ(ə)li] - в конечном счёте; в итоге

hence – следовательно, отсюда, стало быть

steam – пар

pneumatic [nju:’mætik]– пневматический

wind-up toy – заводная игрушка

myosin – миозин (белок мышц)

trebuchet – [‘trebjʊʃət] - фрондибола 

battering ram - таран

siege engine - осадное орудие [si:dʒ]

cotton gin - хлопкоочистительная машина

ingenious – [in’dʒi:niəs] - хитроумный, изобретательный

exert – [ig’zɜ:t] – прилагать, развивать, создавать, вызывать

torque – [tɔ:k] – крутящий момент

thrust – [θrʌst] – толчок, удар, импульс

turboshafts – [‘tɜ:bəʊʃa:ft] - газотурбинный вспомогательный двигатель

turbofan – турбовентиляторный двигатель

Exercise 1

Find Russian equivalents to the following words in the text. Learn them by heart.

Преобразовывать, энергия, тепловой двигатель, двигатель внутреннего сгорания, двигатель внешнего сгорания, паровой двигатель, сила, пневматический, сжатый, заводной, изобрести, потреблять, выполнять, прилагать, производить, бензин.

Exercise 2

Make the underlined sentences negative and interrogative. Use grammar references.

Exercise 3

Put these sentences into the Passive Voice. Use grammar references.

1) Pneumatic motors use compressed air.

2) The devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, consume fuel to perform mechanical work.

3) Heat engines burn fuel to create heat.

4) Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion

Find sentences with verbs in Passive Voice in the text.

Exercise 4

Match the synonyms. There can be more than two synonyms.

Convert, perform, exert, gasoline, steam, produce, diesel, compressed, apply, change, petroleum, energy, do, force, power, make, squeezed, fuel, gas

Exercise 5

Solve the puzzle. Find words from the first exercise. You can link letters vertically and horizontally in any directions. Don’t use one and the same letter twice.

o	f	e	d	c	o	p	r	o	d
r	c	s	m	o	n	i	i	c	u
i	e	s	p	c	v	n	t	a	c
n	p	e	r	r	e	v	u	m	e
t	u	a	g	t	n	e	e	n	p
e	d	s	o	l	t	c	o	n	s
r	n	i	w	i	n	e	e	m	u
n	a	l	c	o	m	s	t	n	e
h	t	e	i	n	b	u	i	o	n
e	a	n	g	e		e	n	i	g