Lesson 4 Engine Part 2

When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term "motor" was initially used to distinguish it from the steam engine—which was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives and other vehicles such as steam rollers. "Motor" and "engine" later came to be used interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings. An engine is a device that burns or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, whereas a motor is a device driven by electricity, which does not change the chemical composition of its energy source.

A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or other chemical reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances such as air, water, or steam).

Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines.

Vocabulary

Initially – первоначально

steam roller - асфальтоукладчик 

interchangeably - взаимозаменяемо

whereas – [we(ə)’ræz] - в то время как в свою очередь

prime mover – источник энергии

pump – насос

ultimately – [‘ʌltimitli] - в конечном счёте;

explosive – взрывчатый, зарядный

secondarily - во вторую очередь, вторично

substance – [‘sʌbstəns]

Exercise 1

Find Russian equivalents to the following words in the text. Learn them by heart.

Приводить в действие (2 варианта), транспортное средство, значение, электричество, источник энергии (2 варианта), преобразовывать, поток, давление, насос, получать, вещество

Exercise 2

Match the synonyms. There can be more than two synonyms.

Power, pressure, prime mover, get, transport, change, flow, sense, drive, energy source, transform, obtain, bring into action, current, tension, vehicle, meaning, receive

Exercise 3

Translate these sentences into Russian, paying special attention to the underlined words.

1) Water power will again turn the mill wheel and drive the turbine to provide electricity to light the building

2) The history of human progress is the history of humankind taking things from nature, and transforming nature for its own benefit.

3) They were able also to install powerful prime movers (water wheels or steam-engines) to drive all their machines.

4) The only non-sugar sweetener at present licensed for use in most countries is saccharin (сахарин [‘sækərin]), a synthetic substance made from coal tar (каменноугольная смола)

5) Anyone who earns money or receives income should pay taxes.

6) Possible modes of transport include ambulances, local transport vehicles, military vehicles, helicopters, fixed wing aircraft, and rescue boats.

7) The tap was left running and the steady flow of water crept across the wooden floor

8) Нe wanted to transform himself into a successful businessman.

9) The vehicles and equipment included in this initial purchase include six prime movers and six fuel tanker trailers.

10) Usually the honey is extracted by crushing the comb (соты) and letting the honey drain out, often helped by extra pressure from a centrifuge (центрифуга)

Exercise 4

Match the words to their definitions.

1) receive 2) pressure 3) drive 4) flow 5) transform 6) substance 7) vehicle

a) provide the energy to set and keep (an engine or piece of machinery) in motion b) a thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land, such as a car, lorry (грузовик), or cart c) make a marked change in the form, nature, or appearance of d) continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it e) be given, presented with, or paid (something) f) the action or fact of moving along in a steady, continuous stream g) a particular kind of matter with uniform properties

Exercise 5

Make the underlined sentences negative and interrogative. Use grammar references.