- •Запорожець т.М., ткаченко о.В.
- •Content module 1: introduction to physiology lesson 1 Physiology subject and tasks. Physiological investigations methods. Excitability. Excitement. Irritation laws.
- •Importance of Chronaxie
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 2. To prepare nervous-muscular preparation.
- •Materials for self-control: Control questions:
- •Content module 2: “excitable tissues physiology” lesson 2 Nervous and muscular fibers resting potential and action potential.
- •Task 3. Nerve and muscle excitability measurement.
- •Task 4. Muscles contractions dependence on single irritations force.
- •Task 5. Draw and analize the curve “force-time”.
- •Literature recommended:
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Electrical changes during muscular contraction
- •Resting membrane potential
- •Action potential
- •Repolarization
- •Action potential curve
- •Latent Period
- •Importance of intracellular potassium ions:
- •Action Potential
- •Refractory period
- •Excitability changings (figure of action potentials phases and excitability changings correlation)
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Galwani’s first experiment.
- •Task 2. Galwani’s second experiment (contraction without metal).
- •Task 3. K.Matteuchi’s experiment.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 3 Nervous and muscular fibers electrical irritation mechanisms investigation. Electromyography.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •III. Fibrillation and denervation hypersensitivity
- •IV. Myasthenia gravis
- •Emg application in dentistry different branches
- •Emg application in therapeutical dentistry.
- •Emg application in surgical dentistry.
- •Emg application in orthopedical dentistry.
- •Emg application in children dentistry and orthodonthia.
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 4 Skeletal muscles contraction mechanisms investigation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Skeletal Muscle
- •Sarcomere
- •Composition of muscle
- •In Skeletal Muscle
- •Tongue, lips muscles and masticatory muscles contractive types and regimes at conversation.
- •Contractive types and regimens at mastication.
- •Masticatory muscles physiological properties. Masticatory musculature force and work.
- •The new in the world of masticatory muscles physiology and functional anatomy
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Skeletal muscle contractions curves registration
- •Task 2. Dynamometry
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 5 Skeletal and smooth muscles comparative characteristics.
- •Skeletal and smooth muscles comparative characteristics
- •Further events (common for skeletal and smooth muscles) –
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Frog’s stomach smooth muscles contractions registration
- •Task 2. To compare frog skeletal and smooth muscle to chemicals
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6.Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 6 Excitation transmission investigation through nervous fibers and nervous-muscular synapses
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •Neuronal theory.
- •Electrical theory.
- •Chemical theory
- •2 Main types:
- •Functions:
- •Functions:
- •Functions:
- •Functions of Myelin Sheath
- •Neurilemma
- •Mechanism of Saltatory Conduction
- •Nervous fibers properties
- •Synapses physiology
- •4 Main mediators groups:
- •Functions of synapse
- •Electrical Synapse or Ephapse
- •Chemical Synapse
- •Mechanism of Development of epsp
- •Properties of epsp
- •Significance of epsp
- •1. Postsynaptic Inhibition
- •Action of gaba—ipsp
- •2.Presynaptic Inhibition
- •3.Renshaw Cell Inhibition
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Isolated impulse conducting law (through nervous fibers).
- •Task 2. Two-sized conduction law.
- •Task 3. Physiological integrity law.
- •Task 4. To study fatigue (tiredness) ability in synapse.
- •Literature recommended:
- •Control questions:
- •Lesson 7 Practical experience management on content credit 1,2: “Excitable tissues physiology”
- •Content credit 3: “organism functions nervous regulation” lesson 8 Reflex arc investigation. Receptors physiology.
- •1.The topic studied actuality.
- •Materials for self-control:
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •1. Somatic Nervous System
- •2. Autonomic Nervous System
- •V.According to receptors localization:
- •VI.According to biological significance:
- •VIII.According to ending result:
- •2. Visceroreceptors:
- •Facial-mandibular region receptors
- •Classification:
- •Significance of Receptor Potential
- •Mechanism of Development of Receptor Potential and Generation of Action Potential in the Nerve Fiber
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1. List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Receptive field definition.
- •Task 2. Reflex arc analysis.
- •Task 3. Gustatory receptors functional mobility determining (before and after eating).
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6.Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 9 Excitement processes investigation in cns. Inhibition processes investigation in cns.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •Inhibiting in cns
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Temporary excitement summation.
- •Task 2. Excitement summation.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6.Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 10 Reflex activity co-ordination mechanisms investigation.
- •1.The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. Excitement irradiation in central nervous system.
- •5.Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Content module 4: “cns role in motor functions regulation”
- •Lesson 11 Spinal cord physiology. Spinal cord role investigation in motor organism functions regulation
- •1.Topic studied actuality:
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Internal structures of spinal cord
- •Neurons in Anterior Gray Horn
- •Neurons in Lateral Gray Horn
- •Neurons in Posterior Gray Horn
- •Spinal proper functions:
- •Spine vegetative functions:
- •Spine afferent ways:
- •Efferent ways:
- •Pyramidal tracts
- •Termination
- •Function
- •Effects of Lesion
- •Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To investigate muscular tone in human being
- •Task 3. Deep (prophound) spinal reflexes investigation
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 12 Somato-sensor system investigation (skin and proprioceptive sensitivity, nociceptive sensitivity)
- •1.Topic studied actuality.
- •2 Main reasons:
- •Injured organ oxygen consumption inhibiting
- •Insufficiency in it
- •Pain classification:
- •Conductive ways
- •Visceral pain
- •Referred pain
- •3 Variants of pain theory:
- •Situation
- •Termination
- •Function
- •Situation
- •Termination
- •Function
- •Situation
- •Termination
- •Functions
- •Ascending tracts of spinal cord
- •Descending tracts of spinal cord
- •Sensory pathways
- •Pain projective zones at different teeth diseases
- •Dental pain conductive tracts and central mechanisms
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. To investigate hands and face skin pain sensitivity
- •Task 2. Temperature sensitivity investigation on hand
- •Task 3. Muscular-articular sensitivity investigation
- •Task 4. Pressure and weight sense investigation (Weber-Fechner’s law)
- •Task 5. Complicated sensitivity types investigation.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self- control:
- •Lesson 13 Posterior brain physiology. Posterior brain role investigation in motor and sensor functions regulation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.1.Basic knowledge, skills, experiences, necessary for study the topic:
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Medulla oblongata functions:
- •Pons cerebri
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. Trigeminal nerve (V-th pair investigation)
- •Task 2. Facial nerve (VII-th pair) investigation
- •Task 3. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX-th pair) investigation
- •Task 4. Accessory nerve (XI-th pair) investigation
- •Task 5. Hypoglossal nerve (XII-th pair) investigation
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self- control:
- •Lesson 14 Midbrain physiology. Midbrain role investigation in motor and sensor functions regulation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •3.2. Topic content.
- •Superior Colliculus
- •Red Nucleus
- •Connections of Red Nucleus
- •Task 2. Stato-kinetic human reflexes.
- •Task 3. Investigate static and stato-kinetic reflexes in guinea pig.
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •Control questions:
- •Lesson 15 Cerebellum, diencephalon, subcortex nuclei physiology, their role in organism motor functions regulation
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •Structural organization of a cerebellum.
- •Functions of cerebellum
- •Cerebellum and its connections
- •Signs of a cerebellum lesion
- •Signs of a pallidum lesion.
- •Signs of a striate body lesion. Striatic syndrome.
- •2. Study aims:
- •3.2.Topic content.
- •Intermediate brain physiology
- •Functions:
- •Functions
- •1. Secretion of posterior pituitary hormones
- •2. Control of anterior pituitary
- •3. Control of adrenal cortex
- •4. Control of adrenal medulla
- •5. Regulation of body temperature
- •10. Regulation of water balance
- •11. Regulation of sleep and wakefulness
- •12. Role in behavior and emotional changes
- •13. Regulation of sexual function
- •14. Regulation of response to smell
- •15. Role in circadian rhythm
- •Cerebellum physiology
- •Interneuronal activity in cerebellum
- •Components and connections of functional divisions of cerebellum
- •Corticocerebellum (neocerebellum)
- •Functions of cerebellum
- •Connections of basal ganglia
- •1. Control of voluntary motor activity
- •2. Control of muscle tone
- •3. Control of reflex muscular activity
- •4. Control of automatic associated movements
- •5. Role in arousal (excitive) mechanism
- •4.Materials for auditory self-work.
- •4.1.List of study practical tasks necessary to perform at the practical class.
- •Task 1. To investigate movement co-ordination
- •Task 2. Asynergy investigation
- •Task 3. Dynamic ataxy investigation
- •Task 4. To put the attention to:
- •1. Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Lesson 16 Practical experiences management on content credit 4: “cns role in motor functions regulation”
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •2. Study aims:
- •Topic content.
- •Ans is divided into 3 main parts:
- •Vegetative and somatic nervous system comparative characteristics
- •Ans mediator mechanisms
- •Organs with monosympathetic innervation:
- •Organs with monoparasympathetic innervation:
- •Vegetative ganglii features:
- •Effects of autonomic nervous system of selected organs
- •Metasympathetic nervous system (mns)
- •Mns functions:
- •2. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To perform pupils investigation
- •Task 2. Reflex to eyes convergence
- •Task 3. Vasomotor skin functions investigation
- •Task 4. Dermographism
- •Task 5. Erben’s reflex
- •Task 6. Abrams’ reflex
- •Literature recommended:
- •Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Hormones synthesis, secretion and releasing. Hormones classification (according to their chemical structure):
- •Interrelations between nervous and humoral mechanisms in physiological functions regulation.
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Control questions:
- •Lesson 19 Hormones role in psychical and physical development, linear body growth, adaptation, homeostasis regulation.
- •1. The topic studied actuality.
- •2.Study aims:
- •Corticotropine main effects:
- •Thyreotropine main effects:
- •Gonadotropines main effects:
- •Oxytocine main effects:
- •Vasopressine main effects:
- •Glucocorticoids effects-1
- •Glucocorticoids effects-2
- •Glucocorticoids effects-3
- •Vascular effects:
- •Glucocorticoids metabolic effects
- •Mineralocorticoids main effects:
- •Adrenaline main effects:
- •Adrenaline metabolic effects;
- •Somatotropine main effects:
- •Prolactine main effects:
- •Male sexual hormones
- •Inhibine
- •Progesterone functions:
- •Stress, general adaptation syndrome.
- •General adaptational syndrome morphological features.
- •Stress-inducing and stress-limiting systems. Diseases of adaptation
- •Stress-triggers or stressors:
- •4. Materials for auditory self-work.
- •Task 1. To investigate adrenaline influence on pupil width
- •Task 2. To observe pituitrine action to melanoforme cells
- •Task 3. To observe insuline action on white mice
- •Task 4. Spermatozoid reaction of Gally-Maininy
- •5. Literature recommended:
- •6. Materials for self-control:
- •Credit control on module 1: “general physiology”. Questions list for credit module control module 1
- •Content module 5. Autonomic nervous system role in visceral functions regulation.
- •Content module 6.
- •Visceral functions humoral regulation and endocrine glands role in regulation.
- •Tests for self-control:
- •Tasks for self-control
- •1. Introduction.
- •3. Ending aims of studying the subject “Normal Physiology”.
- •4. Module 1: General physiology
- •4.3. The student self-work types
- •4.4. Individual tasks list:
- •4.5. Credit modules assessment methodics.
- •4.6. Theoretical questions list for students preparing to credit module control
- •4.7. Practical tasks and works list to the credit module control Module 1: General Physiology Practical skills on excitive structures physiology.
- •Practical skills on organism functions nervous regulation physiology and cns role in motor functions regulation.
- •4.8. Literature recommended on the subject “Normal Physiology”.
- •Literature recommended
Termination
These two tracts terminate in the medulla oblongata. The fibers of fasciculus gracilis terminate in the nucleus gracilis and the fibers of fasciculus cuneatus terminate in the nucleus cuneatus. The cells of these medullary nuclei form the second order neurons.
The axons of the second order neurons form the internal arcuate fibers. The internal arcuate fibers from both the sides cross the midline forming sensory decussation and then ascend through pons and midbrain as medial lemniscus. The fibers of medial lemniscus terminate in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus. From here, fibers of the third order neurons relay to cerebral cortex.
Functions
The tracts of the posterior white funiculus convey impulses of following sensations:
1. Fine, i.e. epicretic tactile sensation.
2. Tactile localization: It is the ability to locate the area of skin where the tactile stimulus is applied.
3. Tactile discrimination: It is the ability to recognize the two stimuli, which are applied over the skin simultaneously.
4. Sensation of vibration: This is the ability to perceive the vibrations (from a vibrating tuning fork placed over bony prominence) conducted to deep tissues through skin.
5. Conscious kinesthetic sensation: It is the sensation (awareness) of various muscular activities in different parts of the body.
6. Stereognosis: It is the ability to recognize the known objects by touch with closed eyes.
The lesion in the fibers of these tracts or lesion in the posterior white column leads to the following symptoms. The symptoms appear on the same side below the lesion.
1. Loss of fine tactile sensation. However, crude touch sensation is normal.
2. Loss of tactile localization.
3. Loss of two point discrimination.
4. Loss of sensation of vibration.
5. Astereognosis: It is the inability to recognize known objects with closed eyes.
6. Lack of ability to differentiate the weight of different objects.
7. Loss of proprioception: There is inability to appreciate the position and movement of different parts of the body. Because of the loss of proprioception, the voluntary movements become incoordinated, slow and clumsy. This condition is known as sensory ataxia or posterior column ataxia.
Ascending tracts of spinal cord
Situation |
Tract |
Origin |
Course |
Termination |
Function |
Anterior white funiculus |
1.Anterior spinothalamic tract |
Chief sensory cells |
Crossing in spinal cord, forms spinal lemniscus |
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus |
Crude touch sensation |
Lateral white funiculus |
2. Lateral spinothalamic tract |
Substantia gelatinosa |
Crossing in spinal cord, forms spinal lemniscus |
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus |
Pain and temperature sensations |
|
3. Ventral spino-cerebellar tract |
Marginal cells |
Crossing in spinal cord |
Anterior lobe of cerebellum |
Subconscious kinesthetic sensations |
|
4. Dorsal spino-cerebellar tract |
Clarke's column cells |
Uncrossed fibers |
Anterior lobe of cerebellum |
Subconscious kinesthetic sensations |
|
Spinotectal tract |
Chief sensory cells |
Crossing in spinal cord |
Superior colliculus |
Concerned with spinovisual reflex |
|
6.Fasciculus dorsolateralis |
Posterior nerve root ganglion |
Component of lateral spinothalamic tract |
Substantia gelatinosa |
Pain and temperature sensations |
|
7. Spinoreticular tract |
Intermedio- lateral cells |
Crossed and uncrossed fibers |
Reticular formation of brainstem |
Consciousness and awareness |
|
8.Spino-olivary tract |
Not specific |
Uncrossed fibers |
Olivary nucleus |
Proprioception |
|
9.Spino-vesti- bular tract |
Not specific |
Crossed and uncrossed fibers |
Lateral vestibular nucleus |
Proprioception |
Posterior white funiculus
|
10.Fasciculus gracilis |
Posterior nerve root ganglia |
Uncrossed fibers. No synapse in spinal cord |
Nucleus gracilis in medulla |
Tactile sensation. Tactile localization. Tactile discrimination. Vibratory sensation. Conscious kinesthetic sensation. Stereognosis. |
|
11.Fasciculus cuneatus |
Posterior nerve root ganglia |
Uncrossed fibers. No synapse in spinal cord |
Nucleus cuneatus in medulla |
|