- •Информационные технологии
- •Предисловие
- •Part I lesson one
- •Exercises
- •I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:
- •II. Pronounce the following words correctly
- •Text a. Information, machine words, instructions, addresses and reasonable operations
- •VI. Form nouns from the verbs by adding suffixes:
- •VII. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Memorize the following definitions:
- •IX. Answer the following questions:
- •Exercises
- •V. Arrange (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms in pairs and translate them:
- •X. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •XII. Fill in the blanks with the verbs given below. Use them in the Passive Voice:
- •XIII. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs and their equivalents:
- •XIV. Find the sentences in which the verbs 'to have' and 'to be' are translated as «должен»:
- •XVI. State the functions of the Gerund. Translate the sentences:
- •XVII. Translate into English using the Gerund:
- •Lesson two
- •Exercises
- •I. Read the following international words and guess their meaning:
- •III. Memorize the following word combinations:
- •Text a. Input and output units (I/o units)
- •Exercises
- •V. Insert prepositions where necessary:
- •XIII. State the functions of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:
- •XIV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive. Construction:
- •XV. Translate the following sentences with the emphatic construction it is (was) ... That (who, which, when) ...:
- •XVI. Find the equivalents to the following Russian sentence:
- •XVII. Read Text в and translate it without a dictionary. Express its contents in Russian: text b. Terms
- •XVIII. Read Text в' and translate it without a dictionary. Try to memorize its main points. Text b'. Reliability
- •Lesson three
- •Exercises
- •III. Memorize the following word combinations:
- •Text a. Memory or storage unit
- •Exercises
- •V. Memorize the following definitions:
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. What do you call a unit which:
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •IX. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the form and function of the Participle:
- •X. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction:
- •XI. Find the sentences in which the Absolute Participle Construction is used:
- •XII. Read Text в without a dictionary. Express its contents by 3-4 sentences: text b. Floppy and winchester disks
- •XIII. Read Text b' and translate it without a dictionary. Retell its contents by 3-4 sentences. Text b'. Bubble memory
- •Lesson four
- •Exercises
- •I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:
- •Text a. Central processing unit
- •Exercises
- •IV. Find in (b) the Russian equivalents to the English words and combinations in (a):
- •V. Arrange synonyms in pairs:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VII. Memorize the following definitions:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Compare:
- •X. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the objective infinitive constructions and for-phrases with the Infinitive:
- •XI. Define the infinitive constructions and translate the sentences:
- •XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the informs:
- •XIV. Read Text в and translate it with a dictionary. Write a short summary: text b. Six computer generations
- •Lesson five
- •Exercises
- •I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:
- •Text a. Microcomputer and microprocessor design
- •Exercises
- •IV. For the nouns in column II find suitable attributes in column I and translate:
- •V. Find the Russian equivalents to the following English word combinations:
- •VI. Memorize the following definitions:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Translate the words of the same root. Define pans of speech:
- •IX. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to ing-forms:
- •X. Read Text в and translate it without a dictionary. Render it in Russian. Text b. Ram and rom
- •Lesson six
- •Exercises
- •I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:
- •II. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below:
- •III. Pronounce the following words correctly:
- •Text a. The basic principles of programming
- •Exercises
- •V. Find the Russian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:
- •VI. Memorize the following definitions:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Read Text b and write a brief summary of it: text b. Programming
- •Lesson seven
- •Exercises
- •I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:
- •II. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below:
- •IV. Memorize the following word combinations:
- •Text a. The basic principles of programming
- •Exercises
- •V. Find the Russian equivalents of the following English word combinations:
- •VI. Arrange the synonyms in pairs and translate them:
- •VII. Form two sentences of your own with each word combination:
- •VIII. Memorize the following definitions:
- •IX. Answer the following questions:
- •X. Speak on:
- •XI. Read Text в and translate it with a dictionary. Write a brief summary of it: text b. Kinds of programs
- •Part II lesson one
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text I. Worry about computers? me?
- •Control questions
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text the English equivalents to:
- •II. True or false?
- •Feed in english, print out in french
- •Text II. Computer literacy for all
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text equivalents to:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Put the proper words into sentences:
- •IV. Construct other sentences in these patterns (models):
- •V. Complete the sentences (if, when-clauses):
- •Lesson two
- •Vocabuiary list
- •Text I. The early years
- •Exercises
- •I. Find in the text the English equivalents to:
- •II. True or false?
- •III. Give a synonym for words in parentheses:
- •V. Describe the relationship between each of the following pairs of words (antonyms, synonyms, neither):
- •VI. Choose the word to complete each of the following sentences:
- •VII. Cross out the one word that does not have the same meaning as the other three words:
- •VIII. Construct other sentences in this pattern (compound adjectives)
- •IX. In pairs or small groups, discuss each of the following questions:
- •X. Complete the paragraph below:
- •Text II. Deep blue
- •Exercises
- •I. True or false?
- •II. Find an article about a business venture. Prepare to describe that 'venture in class.
- •III. Read the following paragraph as many times as you can in 3 minutes. Then rewrite as much info as you can remember.
- •Lesson three
- •Vocabulary list
- •Text I. Surfing the net
- •Exercises
- •VIII. Put the proper words into sentences:
- •Text II. The language of e-mail
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •VI. Discuss:
- •VII. Write an e-mail message to your friend (on paper). Use an appropriate format and a chatty style. Try to use at least one smiley and some abbreviations.
- •Control questions
- •Part III
- •1. Read these texts and translate them with a dictionary: text I. From calculi to modern computer
- •Control questions
- •Text II. Artificial intelligence
- •Control questions
- •Appendix
- •Terms used in computing field
- •Glossary of computer acronyms and meaningful words
- •Библиографический список
- •Содержание
Exercises
V. Find the Russian equivalents of the following English word combinations:
1. crossing lines; 2. symbolic coding aids; 3. the statement of the problem; 4. the final code; 5. independent variables; 6.dependent variables; 7. initial conditions; 8. the computed values; 9. the initial values; 10. for visualizing interrelationship; 11. the intermediate code; 12. extremely useful; 13. addresses of constants; 14. memory location temporaries; 15. to transfer control back
1. конечный код; 2. передать управление обратно; 3.- вычисленные значения; 4. линии пересечения; 5. средства символического кодирования; 6. адреса констант; 7. промежуточный код; 8. чрезвычайно полезный; 9. для отчетливого представления взаимосвязи; 10. рабочие ячейки памяти; 11. независимые переменные; 12. исходные значения; 13. формулировка задачи; 14. зависимые переменные; 15. исходные (начальные) условия
VI. Arrange the synonyms in pairs and translate them:
permanent numbers; block diagram; to call; memory; for example; a step; a routine; calculation; location; to share; storage; a stage; constant numbers; computation; subroutine; to term; for instance; subcode; to divide; a program; cell; flow chart
VII. Form two sentences of your own with each word combination:
from this point of view; to set aside; at the coder's side; in other words; the rest of
VIII. Memorize the following definitions:
1. A subroutine is a part of a program which performs a logical section of the over-all function of the program. 2. A jump or a branch is a departure (уход) from the normal sequence of program steps. 3. A library of subroutines is any collection of subroutines which have been written for general application and can be incorporated in different programs when required. 4. A flow chart or a block diagram is a diagrammatic representation of a sequence of events (событие), usually drawn with conventional symbols representing different types of events and their interconnection.
IX. Answer the following questions:
1. How many kinds of numbers does the address contain? 2. What are permanent numbers? 3. What are temporary numbers? 4. What memory locations do we call temporaries? 5. What is a flow chart? 6. When is a flow chart made? 7. What symbols are used in a flow chart? 8. What is symbolic coding? 9. What is a subroutine? 10. What must the coder know in order to use a subroutine? 11. What is a jump or a branch made for? 12. What is a subroutine library? 13. Where is the subroutine library stored?
X. Speak on:
the temporaries; the symbolic coding aids; the library of subroutine; the flow chart
XI. Read Text в and translate it with a dictionary. Write a brief summary of it: text b. Kinds of programs
There are two main kinds of programs which are subdivided as well. They are control programs and systems service programs.
Control Programs. There are some control programs to handle interruptions (прерывание), I/O operations, transition between different jobs (задание) and different phases of the same job, initial program loading (IPL), and symbolic assigment of I/O devices.
Actually, the control program consists of three components:
IPL loader. When system operation is initiated, the hardware IPL reads in this program which then clears unused core storage to zeros, generally performs some housekeeping operations, and then reads in the Supervisor.
The Supervisor. It is resident in the low order part core storage whenever any job is being run. It can handle execution of any I/O operations and can provide standard processing for all interrupts. It may also queue I/O operations so that the operation will start as soon as the required channel and device are free.
Job Control. When the end of a job is sensed, the user normally turns control over to the Supervisor which then reads in the Job Control program. This program senses and processes all cards; after, the new job is loaded, it turns control over to the new job. This/system of operation eliminates the necessity of operation intervention between jobs, something which is of particular importance on large computers where the average job time may be less than one minute.
The control program is a large program occupying thousands of bytes. It is usually stored on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.
The particular unit on which the program resides is called the System Resident unit.
System Service Programs. They are used to maintain the library, to place new programs into the library, to delete, replace, or change existing programs, to read programs from the library into memory, to link segments of programs written at different times into one program, etc. They are called Librarian8 and Linkage Editor.
There are three libraries maintained by the Librarian program: 1) Core Image library, 2) Relocatable library, 3) Source Statement library.
The core image programs includes the processors and control programs and as many of the application programs as the user desires. The relocatable library contains modules which are stored in such a way that each module can be arbitrarily relocated and still be executed correctly. A module may be a complete program or it may be a relatively independent part of a larger program. The source statement library contains macro definitions a sort of collection of standard type statement which can be incorporated into a program to provide some special functions.
Notes
1. control programs - управляющие программы
2. unused core storage - неиспользованная часть ОЗУ
3. housekeeping operations - вспомогательные операции
4. Job Control - управление потоком заданий
5. the average job time - среднее время счета задания
6. System Resident unit - системное резидентное устройство
7. System Service program - системная сервисная программа
8. Librarian - программа «Библиотекарь»
9. Linkage Editor - программа «Редактор связей»
10. Core Image library - загрузочная библиотека
11. Relocatable library - перемещаемая библиотека
12. Source Statement library - текстовая библиотека исходных программ
13. processor - обрабатывающая программа
14. application program - прикладная программа
15. macro definitions – макроопределения