- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
Let's consider current of a viscous, moistening wall of a liquid on a horizontal pipe of constant section therefore, it is important for understanding of process of movement of blood on vessels. At rather low speed current thus has laminar character: the layer of molecules, adjoining to a wall of a pipe, sticks to it and remains motionless.
This formula also name usually formula Gagen - Puazal. It can give and such kind:Q=(p1-p2)/ω, where ω=8ln/πR4
Value ω is called hydraulic resistance.
64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
There are some methods of definition of speed of a blood-groove. We shall consider physical bases of two of them. The ultrasonic method is based on Doppler’s effect. The electromagnetic methodmeasurements of speed of a blood-groove is based on a deviation of moving charges in a magnetic field.
There are some methods of definition of speed of a blood-groove. We shall consider physical bases of two of them. The ultrasonic method (ultrasonic flowmeter survey) is based on Doppler’s effect. The signal from the generator 1 of electric fluctuations of ultrasonic frequency acts on a radiator of ultrasound 2 and on the device of comparison of frequencies 3. The ultrasonic wave 4 gets into a blood vessel 5 and is reflected from moving erythrocytes 6. The reflected ultrasonic wave 7 gets in the receiver 8 where it will be transformed to electric fluctuation and amplifies. The strengthened electric fluctuation gets in the device 3. Here the fluctuations, the falling and reflected waves are compared, and is allocated Doppler shift of frequency in the form of electric fluctuation: U=Uocos2πνDt. The electromagnetic method (electromagnetic flowmeter survey)measurements of speed of a blood-groove is based on a deviation of moving charges in a magnetic field. Blood is electrically neutral system, it consists from positive and negative ions. Hence, moving blood is a stream of the charged particles which move with a speed v. The forces operating from a magnetic field on opposite charges are directed to the opposite parties. The positive charge accumulates about one wall of a blood vessel, about another - negative. Pressure UH (Hall’s pressure) depends on speed v of movements of ions, i.e. from speed of blood. Thus, measuring this pressure, it is possible to define and speed of a blood-groove. Knowing section S of a vessel, it is easy to calculate volumetric speed of a blood-groove: Practically it is more convenient to use in this method a variable magnetic field. It leads to occurrence variable Hall’s pressure UH which then amplifies and measured.
65) Physical bases of rheography.
Rheography is applied in diagnostics of a various vascular infringements of a brain, extremities, lungs, hearts, and a liver. Rheography of extremities is used at diseases of the peripheral vessels, accompanied by changes of their tone, elasticity, narrowing or full corking of arteries.
Rheoencephalography (REG) defines a tone and elasticity of vessels of a brain, measuring their resistance to a current of high frequency at small values of force of a current and voltage.