- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
83) Electrosecurity.
One of the major problems by development, industrial release and operation of the electromedical equipment is maintenance of a full electrosecurity for the attendants and patients. The basic safety means from action on an organism of an electric current is protective ground connection. Defeat of an organism by an electric current can be in the form of an electric trauma or electric impact. Electric trauma is a result of external local action of a current on a body: electric burns, electrometallization of skin, signs on a current. Electric burns are consequence of thermal action of the current which is passing through a body of the person, or occur under action of the electric arch, arising usually at short circuits in installations with a pressure above 1000 V. Electrometallization of a skin occurs at introduction in a skin of the smallest particles of metal fused under action of the current.
84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
Depending on character of interaction of laser light with biological tissues it is possible to distinguish three kinds of photo-biological effects:
1) photo-destructive influence at which thermal, hydro-dynamical, photochemical effects of light cause destruction of tissues. This kind of laser interaction is used in laser surgery.
2) photo-physical and photochemical influence, at which light absorbed by biotissues raises in them atoms and molecules, causes photochemical and photophysical reactions. This laser radiation is used as therapeutic.
3) unperturbed influence, when the biosubstance does not change the properties during interaction with light. These are such effects, as dispersion, reflection and penetration. This kind use for diagnostics (laser spectroscopy).
Photobiological effects depend upon parameters of laser radiation: wave length, intensity of a stream of light energy, time of influence for biotissues. In laser therapy light streams of low intensity is applied, no more than 100 mW/cm2, that is comparable to intensity of radiation of the Sun on a surface of the Earth in clear day.
85) Photochemical reactions.
Photochemical reactions call such chemical reactions which proceed only under the influence of light.
Types of photochemical reactions:
Photodissociation (фотолиз) leads to decomposition of the initial substance which has absorbed light energy. Such are examples of reaction of photodecomposition: decomposition of halogenides of silver (basis of the silver photo), фотолиз vapors of CH3CO CH3 acetone → CO + other products.
Photosynthesis leads to formation of more difficult connections. Are examples of reactions of photosynthesis:
-the photosynthesis of ozone in an upper atmosphere creating a protective ozone layer:
-photosynthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide, water, mineral substances green plants.
High energy of photoexcitement also causes a possibility of course of such reactions which in usual conditions are impracticable.
Initial stage of any photochemical reaction absorption of a photon which transfers a molecule to an excited state is.
Photon excitement of a molecule starts one of two possible mechanisms of change of its chemical properties, each of which then generates a chain of regular chemical transformations. In the initiated molecule there is an electron on highly located free orbital. Such electron easily separates from a molecule, and it reacts photooxidations. In this case the initiated molecule becomes the donor of an electron. Products of primary oxidation-reduction reactions are free radicals also possess high chemical activity. They enter secondary reactions which come to an end with the corresponding physiological reaction- Molecule photoisomerization.Photoexcitation plays the predominating role in the course of photoisomerization; besides, the fotochromic applications is used in the lightsensible solar batteries, photochemistry, a luminescence, optically-excited lasers and others.