3. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she had not got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I had not seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that he did not want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we did not understand his questions. 7. I told the taxi - driver that he was driving too fast. 8. He said that her children were playing in the garden.

4. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mary said to her brother, "Take the letter to the Post Office, please". 2. The teacher said to Tom, "Collect the exercise-books and put them on my table". 3. The old man said to the little girl, "Do not run across the street". 4. The teacher said to the pupils, "Learn the poem by heart". 5. I said to my friend, "Meet me outside the cinema at 6 o' clock". 6. The teacher asked Tom, "Do you come to school by bus or on foot?". 7. A man stopped me in the street and asked, "Have you got a watch?". 8. The teacher asked us, "Do you understand the question?".

Module 2 Unit 12

Study Abroad and in Kazakhstan.

Grammar

Zero, The First Conditional.

Zero Conditional

Use:        The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which is always true. It always happens, on the condition that something else happens.                 Example: If it rains a lot, our garden floods.

Form: 1.            Make the first conditional in this way.

If When Unless

I you he she...

present simple

,

I you he she...

present simple

Examples:           If you fly on a budget airline, you have to buy your own drinks.                                   When we visit Geoff, he always cooks us a roast dinner.

Or

I you he she...

present simple

if when unless

I you he she...

present simple

Examples:           You have to buy your own drinks if you fly on a budget airline.                                   Geoff always cooks us a roast dinner when we visit him.

2.            You can also form the zero conditional with the imperative form.                                 If you have a membership card, enter through the door on the left.                                 Enter through the door on the left if you have a membership card.

3.            You can also form the zero conditional using a modal verb.                                 If the alarm goes off, we should leave the building.                                 If it’s rainy and sunny at the same time, you can often see a rainbow.                                     4.            Different tenses can be used in the If / When (‘condition’) clause. However, only the present simple, a modal or imperative form can be used in the ‘result’ clause.                                 If we’ve finished all our work, we can leave early.                                 If people are getting enough exercise, they usually feel better emotionally as well as physically.

First Conditional

Use:  The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which will or may happen in the future as a result of something else. Example: If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.

Form: Make the first conditional in this way.

If When

I you he she...

present simple

,

I you he she...

will / won’t might / might not

verb (infinitive form)

Examples: If I see Tom, I will tell him the news. When you visit, we might go to the park.

If the result is only possible, not certain, we use might (not will):

Or

I you he she...

will / won’t might / might not

verb (infinitive form)

if when

I you he she...

present simple

Examples: She’ll be late if she doesn’t hurry up.   You might not pass your exams if you watch television all the time.

If it’s hot, we might go to the beach.

Common Mistakes: 1) Don’t use will or might directly after will or might.  If I will arrive first, I’ll make lunch.       => If I arrive first, I’ll make lunch.   

2) Always use an infinitive verb after will and might. I might to go out tonight, if I’m not too tired.      => I might go out tonight if I’m not too tired.

We can use unless to mean ‘if…not’:

We will go to the mountains on Saturday unless it rains. (= …if it doesn’t rain.)

Unless you pay for the broken window, I’ll phone the police. (= If you don’t pay)

Exercises