Навч_Пос_бник_Лазарева_Ковтун

Визначте, чи правильні висловлювання. Якщо дані не відповідають наведеним у тексті, дайте правильний варіант.

1.The total area of the United Kingdom is more than 200,000 square kilometres.

2.Great Britain is separated from the continent by the Suez Canal. 3. The highest mountain in the United Kingdom is Everest. 4. England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are the parts of Great Britain. 5. The population of Great Britain is greater than that of Ukraine. 6. All the territory of England is flat. 7. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. 8. Highlands is the name of the group of lakes in Northern Ireland. 9. The national symbol of Scotland is red rose. 10. The head of the state is Queen Margaret II. 11. British Parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Commons and the White House. 12. The UK’s flag is called the Black Jack.

19.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях.

Great Britain ___ by the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain ___ from Europe by the North Sea and the English Channel. The British Isles are known to have ___

climate. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Wales, ___. The British Isles ___ Great Britain and Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Scotland ___ an area of 78,800 square kilometers and has ___ of 5.2 million. The oldest industries are ship-building and ___. The political party, which wins popular ___ to the House of Commons, forms the government. There are two main parties in the UK, they are ___. Such English scientists of the past as ___ greatly contributed to the world science.

19.3. Читання

Australia

Active Vocabulary:

the Dutch – голандці; couple – пара; arid – дуже сухий; convict – засуджений; to hack away – “вгризатися”; barren – безплідний; gorgeous – чудовий; to deport – висилати.

Ann and Pete are students of a university in England. They are going to Australia on holidays, so Pete has been reading up some interesting facts about the country.

131

A.: Pete, have you any idea what the word ‘Australia’ means? It sounds Latin to me.

P.: That’s because it’s Latin. It means southern. Scholars used to call it Terra Australia Incognita (the unknown southern land). This name was used until the Dutch arrived a couple of hundred years ago. They went to lots of different places mostly along the coast and some of the islands, too.

A.: Why did they settle only there?

P.: Because in other places of the country it seemed too arid. You couldn’t grow anything – or so they thought. Immigration didn’t get going on a large scale till the end of the 18th century.

A.: It was a sort of British Siberia where they deported lots of their convicts, wasn’t it?

P.: Yes, some of those people were a pretty rough lot – like Ned Kelly. Have you heard of him? He was an armed robber, a pretty ruthless character, a real legend in his own lifetime. He gave the aborigines a hard time, to put it mildly! But they weren’t all like him. There were quite a few pretty hard working people among the European settlers. It’s incredible to think of them hacking away all that barren land and turning it into a land of plenty. Before long they were exporting to the old world things like wheat and wool. And then, of course, don’t forget all Australia’s mineral resources. They had everything they needed for industrial development. It was all there, waiting to be dug up.

A.: And now Australia is waiting for us! It’s supposed to be a great place for tourism, isn’t it? I can’t wait to see the desert! – and then all those eucalyptus forests with their wonderful blue leaves! – and kangaroos and those gorgeous koala bears!

P.: Australians love all of that. They’re crazy about wildlife and love picnicking in the bush. I hope we’ll manage to meet some of them and to know them. They take having a good time very seriously. That’s why they fought hard for a shorter working week and won!

A.: They’ve obviously got their priorities right! And they’re great drinkers, too, aren’t they? Was it an Australian who said, “Work is the curse of the drinking classes”?

P.: No, that was Oscar Wilde!

132

Визначте, чи правильні висловлювання.

1. The name “Australia” means “eastern” in Latin. 2. Australia has rich deposits of mineral resources. 3. Australians don’t take care of nature and hate wildlife. 4. Immigrants have come to Australia on a large scale since the end of the 18th century. 5. There were a lot of hard working people among the settlers.

19.4. Граматика. Модальні дієслова can, may та їхні еквіваленти на позначення можливості, дозволу, здатності

CAN (COULD)

Можливість щось зробити (можу, вмію) Ствердні речення

I can play the piano. Я вмію грати на піаніно.

He can answer the question. Він може відповісти на запитання.

He could play chess when he was five. Він вмів грати у шахи, коли йому було п’ять років.

Could you help me? Не могли б ви мені допомогти?

Питальні речення

Can you sing? Ви вмієте співати?

Can you help me? Ви можете мені допомогти?

Could you show me the way to the University? Не могли б ви мені показати

дорогу до університету?

Заперечні речення

I cannot swim. Я не вмію плавати.

He cannot understand the rule. Він не може зрозуміти правила.

I could not ski when I was little. Я не вмів кататись на лижах, коли я був малим.

She could not jump so high. Вона не могла стрибнути так високо.

ТО BE ABLE ТО (Еквівалент дієслова CAN) Не is able to do it. Він взмозі це зробити.

Не was able to do it yesterday. Він міг зробити це вчора.

He will be able to do it tomorrow. Він зможе це зробити завтра.

He has been able to swim since childhood. Він вміє плавати з дитинства.

MAY (MIGHT)

133

Дозвіл (можна) You may take my pen. Ви можете взяти мою ручку.

You may not touch it. Не можна торкатися цього.

May I come in? Можна увійти?

У непрямій мові:

Mother said that I might play. Мати сказала, що я можу пограти.

Припущення (можливо) It may rain soon. Можливо (мабуть), скоро піде дощ.

Take care, you may fall. Обережно, ви можете впасти.

ТО BE ALLOWED TO (Еквівалент дієслова MAY) We are allowed to stay at home. Нам дозволяють залишитись вдома.

We were allowed to stay at home. Нам дозволили залишитись вдома. We will be allowed to stay at home. Нам дозволять залишитись вдома.

Запам’ятайте прислів’я з модальними дієсловами!

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

What is done cannot be undone.

Little bodies may have great souls.

Вправа 2. Вставте модальні дієслова may (might) або can (could).

1. ___ I use your pen? 2. ___ I take the pen from that table! 3. You ___ read this book: you know the language well enough. 4. You ___ take this book: I don’t need it. 5. ___ I help you? 6. ___ I ask you to help me? 7. ___ you help me to move this suitcase? 8. I ___ not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the car: he ___ not start it. 10. A fool

___ ask more questions than a wise man ___ answer. 11. She asked me if she

___ use my telephone. 12. The school was silent: nothing ___ be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting ___ be endless, you know. 14. ___ you tell me the nearest way to the city museum?

Вправа 3. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова.

1. Я вмію розмовляти англійською мовою. 2. Ти вмієш розмовляти французькою? 3. Моя сестра не вміє кататися на ковзанах. 4. Ти вмів плавати

134

минулого року? 5. Місяць тому я не вмів кататися на лижах, а зараз вмію. 6. Ви не могли б мені сказати, де метро? 7. Ти зможеш зробити цю роботу завтра? 8. Я думаю, вона не зможе вирішити цю задачу без допомоги. 9. Завтра я вільний і зможу допомогти тобі. 10. Вчора я не зміг побачити директора, оскільки він був на конференції, але сьогодні після роботи я зможу це зробити. 11. Можна, я ввімкну телевізор? 12. Якщо твоя робота готова, можеш іти додому. 13. Лікар каже, що я вже можу не приймати ліки. 14. Якщо ви натиснете цю кнопку, програма може запинитись. 15. Будь обережним: ти можеш впасти. 16. Розмовляти по мобільному телефону на борту літака не дозволяється. 17. Вчора студентам дозволили самостійно провести експеримент. 18. Коли йому дозволять водити автомобіль?

19.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 4. Доповніть слова і знайдіть їхні визначення у правому стовпчику.

Вправа 5. Вставте модальні дієслова may (might), can (could), to be allowed to.

1. Elephants ___ live for up to 70 years. 2. When I was 18, I ___ take my parents’ car whenever I wanted. 3. Jane’s children ___ to watch the film on TV last night. 4. Temperature near South Pole ___ reach minus 43 degrees Centigrade. 5. ___ I ask you a personal question? – Sure, you ___. 6. A hundred years ago ships ___ cross the Atlantic in 10 days. 7. There is somebody

135

knocking at the door. – It ___ be a postman. 8. Anyone ___ make mistakes. 9. Look at these terrible clouds! It ___ start raining any moment. 10. Dinosaurs

___ grow up to 5 metres long. 11. Camels ___ survive for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water. 12. Why hasn’t she come to the party? – She ___ be busy with her diploma project.

Вправа 6. Складіть розповідь про Велику Британію з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 20. London

20.1.Розмовна тема. Лондон

Active Vocabulary:

observation – спостереженя; proximity – близькість; medieval – середньовічний; landmark – архітектурна пам’ятка; renowned – відомий; wealth – багатство; celebrated – славетний; pageantry – урочиста церемонія; fascinating – чарівний.

London is one of the world’s greatest capital cities, with so much to see and do that Samuel Johnson’s observation that “When a man is tired of London he is tired of life” is just as true today as it was 200 years ago.

London was founded in AD 60 by Romans soon after they invaded Britain and was called Londinium. Remains of the wall Romans built around the city can still be seen today. Ever since its foundation nearly 2,000 years ago, London has been the capital of Britain and, because of its location on the Thames and its close proximity to the continent, it has been an important trading centre. Today it is still a great financial centre, attracting important businesses from all over the world.

London’s historic past can still be seen in its busy streets, from Roman walls, medieval churches and Tudor palaces to Georgian squares, Victorian railway stations and modern hi-tech office blocks. Landmarks such as Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, St. Paul’s Cathedral, the Tower of London and the Houses of Parliament are high on every visitor’s list of places to see, but there is so much more to do.

London is renowned as a world-class cultural centre, with some of the finest museums and art galleries to be found anywhere in the world, including

136

the British Museum and the National Gallery. Londoners and visitors alike enjoy all that the West End has to offer, with its many fine shops, restaurants and clubs, as well as the wealth of plays and musicals offered by its many celebrated theatres.

Another huge draw is the traditional and colourful pageantry London is so good at, including the Changing the Guard ceremony and the Lord Mayor’s Show, two of London’s best free shows. But London is also a modern, forwardlooking city, and many major new landmarks, such as the London Eye (a 137 meter observation wheel) and the Tate Modern (an exhibition centre of modern arts housed in a converted 1960s power station) take the capital well and truly into the twenty-first century. It is this mix of the traditional and modern which makes London such a fascinating and exciting place to visit.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How old is London? 2. Who founded London? 3. On what river does London stand? 4. What are the main historical landmarks to see in London? 5. In what part of London are most shops situated? 6. What is the London Eye? 7. In what building is the Tate Modern housed?

20.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Вставте артиклі, де потрібно. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

London, ___ capital of Great Britain, is one of ___ largest cities in Europe and the world. ___ population of London is about nine million. London is also one of ___ oldest cities in Europe. London lies in ___ valley of ___ Thames. Most of ___ streets are narrow. Oxford and Regent Streets are ___ busiest streets: there are ___ lots of shops, department stores and offices there. There are many beautiful old buildings in ___ centre of London. There are also ___

modern buildings there. Most of ___ buildings house ___ offices and hotels. Londoners are fond of ___ beautiful parks of their city. They spend their

week-ends in ___ parks. They come there with ___ children and take ___ lunch baskets with them.

20.3. Читання

137

London Museums and Art Galleries

Active Vocabulary:

a fortress – фортеця; a manuscript – рукопис; contemporary – сучасний; armour – лати; twofold – подвійний; garrison – гарнізон; custody – зберігання.

The best London museums and art galleries are in the West End.

The British Museum in Russel Square comprises the National Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, the richest collection of prints and drawings and the National Library. It was founded in 1753 and opened to the public on the 15th of January, 1759. The Library of the British Museum is one of the largest collections of books and manuscripts in the world.

The National History Museum in Cromwell Road is the home of the national collections of animals and plants, and of minerals and rocks from which the Earth is built up. It has a twofold function: to increase man’s knowledge of the animal, plant and mineral Kingdom as an institution for scientific research, and to spread knowledge of natural history as widely as possible.

The Tower of London was once a fortress. Kings of England, when the battle turned against them, often found safety in the Tower. From Norman days the Tower had been a state prison; it had been a place of torture and execution. Continuously from the 11th century the Tower has held a military garrison. Arms and armour have always been stored there and today it contains the National Collection of them. Nowadays the Tower is a museum visited by tourists. As it was the strongest fortress in the land, the safe custody of the Crown jewels has been entrusted to it since the time of Henry III.

The National Gallery offers a wonderful variety of pictures. Everyone can find some kind of picture to enjoy. It was opened to the public in 1824 and in 1836 after series of troubles the collection of pictures of the National Gallery was established at Trafalgar Square.

The Tate Gallery from the very beginning was intended as a collection of contemporary British painting only. It became the national collection of British painting of all periods, and in addition – the national collection of modern foreign painting and of modern sculpture, both British and foreign.

The Science Museum exhibits machinery, scientific instruments and devices for research and educational purposes.

138

Вправа 2. Згадайте, в якому музеї знаходяться такі об’єкти:

1) the collection of the Crown jewels; 2) the collection of prints and drawings; 3) the collection of pictures; 4) the collection of books and manuscripts; 5) the collection of contemporary British painting; 6) the collection of animals, plants and minerals; 7) the collection of arms and armour; 8) the collection of machinery and scientific instruments.

20.4. Граматика. Модальні дієслова must, should, ought to, need та їхні еквіваленти на позначення необхідності, обов’язку, поради тощо

MUST

Обов’язок

You must respect your parents. Ви повинні поважати своїх батьків. You must not go there. Не можна ходити туди.

Must I learn it by heart? Чи повинен я вивчити це напам’ять?

Припущення (мабуть, напевно) It must be cold outside. Напевно, на вулиці холодно.

ТО HAVE TO (Еквівалент дієслова MUST)

Do you have to go there? Вам треба йти туди?

Did you have to go there? Вам довелось йти туди?

Will you have to go there? Вам доведеться йти туди?

SHOULD, OUGHT TO

Порада, рекомендація (слід, краще)

You ought to be more attentive. Вам слід бути більш уважними. You should go to bed early. Вам слід йти спати рано.

NEED? NEEDN’T

139

Питання про необхідність, відсутність необхідності (чи треба? не

треба)

Need I learn this poem by heart? Мені треба вчити цей вірш напам’ять? You needn’t come so early. Вам не обов’язково приходити так рано.

Запам’ятайте прислів’я з модальними дієсловами!

Everything must have a beginning.

If two men ride on a horse, one must ride behind. Books and friends should be few but good.

Those (people) who live in glass houses should not throw stones. Love is like the measles; we all have to go through it. (K. Jerome)

Вправа 3. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. You must learn the words. 3. Must we learn the poem by heart for the next lesson? 4. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 5. You must not talk at the lessons. 6. Everybody must come to work in time. 7. Don’t ring him up: he must be very busy. 8. You must not make notes in the books. 9. I must help my mother today.

Вправа 4. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy spent in starting the body must be equal to that derived from the body when it is stopped. 2. The wire used should have as large a cross-section аs possible when it is desirable to keep resistance аs low as possible. 3. We will have to work out an experiment in which we will be able to keep the particles in the plasma, that is deprive them of the possibility of transmitting the heat to the walls of the container. 4. You ought to stay longer: the most interesting things are still to come. 5. You needn’t shout, I can hear quite well. 6. One shouldn’t swap horses in midstream. 7. With his voice he ought to try out for radio. 8. You must check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.

Вправа 5. Вставте модальні дієслова must, have to, should, need.

1. He was sleeping heavily and didn’t hear the alarm clock. So to be in time for the train he ___ call a taxi. 2. If you want to drive a car you ___ get a driving license. 3. You ___ not be in a hurry. The train starts in an hour. 4. You ___

140