Навч_Пос_бник_Лазарева_Ковтун

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

Fresh water is fundamental to the survival of humans and most other landbased life forms.

Ninety seven per cent of the earth’s water is the salt water of oceans and seas. Most of the remaining 3 per cent is in polar ice caps, glaciers, the atmosphere or underground and hard to reach. Only 0.4 per cent is available for use. However, growing population, increased economic activity and industrialisation has resulted in an increased demand for fresh water. This has caused a severe misuse of water resources. Discharging untreated sewage and chemical wastes directly into rivers, lakes and drains has become a traditional habit. Water bodies can no longer cope with the increasing pollution load.

Among the main causes of water pollution are:

∙Oil spills from ships and super-tankers, and from off-shore oil drilling operations. Oil forms a thin layer on top of water and acts like a lid on the surface and the water. Animals and plants living in the water can’t breathe, the oil coats the feathers of water birds, and the fur of animals that swim in the water, causing them to become sick and, if there is a great amount of oil on their bodies, to die.

∙Fertilizers used by farmers. When fertilizers are washed into rivers and streams the nitrates and phosphates cause excessive growth of water plants. The plants clogs the waterways, use up oxygen in the water, and block light to deeper waters. It is harmful to the fish and other invertebrates that live in water because it makes it hard for the animals to breathe.

∙Sewage and other organic pollutants. When material such as leaves and grass clippings, and wastes from farm animals enter the water, it rots and breaks down and uses up the oxygen in the water. A lot of types of fish and other aquatic animals cannot survive. Organisms such as bacteria and viruses enter waterways through untreated sewage in storm-water drains, run-off from septic tanks, and from boats whose owners dump sewage into the water. These microscopic pollutants cause sickness in people and in animals that drink or live in the water.

∙Chemicals. Chemical pollution entering rivers and streams causes great destruction of water environment. The chemicals can come from factories, construction sites, mining operations, and from homes when people pour chemicals down the sink or down the toilet.

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∙ Plastics. Floating plastic is ugly, and harmful to the environment. Plastic rubbish is not biodegradable. It can choke animals that try to eat it, and drown those that get tangled in it.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Why is fresh water so important? 2. How much fresh water available to people is there on the Earth? 3. How much salt water is there on our planet? 4. What are the main sources of water pollution? 5. To whom are oil spills mostly harmful? 6. What is caused by fertilizers washed into streams or lakes?

26.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Зробіть письмовий переклад тексту.

Is Our “Central Heating” Broken?

Scientists have found alarming evidence that the Gulf Stream is slowing down, threatening Britain’s “central heating system”. The Atlantic “conveyor belt” carries a million billion watts of heat from the Gulf of Mexico past northern Europe, making Britain, which is on the same latitude as Labrador on the east coast of Canada, 90C warmer than it should be. However, the National Oceanography survey has revealed that the stream has weakened by 30% in 12 years, raising fears that temperatures in Britain will drop by 10C over the next decade, and by 60C in 20 years. The Gulf Stream relies on the warm water from tropics becoming more saline as it approaches the Arctic, and sinking to the bottom of the Ocean. From there it flows back to Mexico, so the process can begin again. But with fresh water from melting Arctic ice caps flowing into the sea, this circuit is being disrupted.

26.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст та поставте п’ять запитань до його змісту. The Black Sea Pollution

The story about the Black Sea pollution starts like almost any other pollution story. Once, about half a decade ago, the Black Sea had very rich and diverse marine ecosystems. It also had major economic benefits in the form of millions of tourists coming from all over the world, not to mention the abundant fisheries.

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But in the 1990s, this important natural resource has been brought at the brink of destruction. Once rich biodiversity became only a fond memory, and foreign tourists are no longer coming to enjoy the natural beauties that this area once offered. There is also no more fish, and tragically the Black Sea has become an area to dump all forms of solid and liquid waste.

The Black Sea is full of different pollutants such as toxic metals and agrochemicals. These substances have caused an overproduction of phytoplankton which prevents light from reaching the sea grasses and algae, thus making a huge damage to marine life.

Many tanker accidents caused oil pollution, while coastal industries continue to discharge waste products directly, with little or no treatment. This, along with huge industrial activity in the area, shipping and offshore oil exploration have created critical environmental situation.

In order to fight this pollution, the six surrounding countries signed the Bucharest convention in 1992 but this convention has so far had very little impact because several governments have not yet released the funds needed to fulfill their commitments in fight against the Black Sea pollution.

And so the pollution still continues.

26.4. Граматика. Безсполучникові речення

Додаткові підрядні речення.

Характеризуються відсутністю сполучника that.

Означальні підрядні речення.

Характеризуються відсутністю слів who, whom, which, that.

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Вправа 2. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. The hotel we stayed at is in the centre of the city. 2. The film we saw yesterday is not a very good one. 3. I think he is the best man I have ever known. 4. The experiments showed this substance was unique in its properties. 5. We know the value of voltage is the same in all the elements of a parallel circuit. 6. The weight of an atom depends on the number of protons and neutrons it contains. 7. The experiment we have made is of great importance to our laboratory. 8. The problem we will discuss is connected with new electronic devices. 9. We think cadmium is very useful for the application in transistors. 10. The instructor said people would use this device in long distance flights.

26.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникові підрядні речення. Визначте місця, де могли б стояти слова which, that, whom.

1. The papers you must take away and burn are in these boxes. 2. I like the watch my father gave me. 3. I do not think the distance is very great. 4. He says we’ll find these stones later on. 5. I am afraid you will be ill. 6. Don’t you know water becomes ice if the temperature is below zero? 7. The girl you are looking at is a young scientist. 8. Where is the umbrella I gave you? 9. What is the name of the river we see in the distance? 10. At the exhibition I saw the picture you like so much.

Вправа 4. Складіть по два речення англійською на кожний тип безсполучникового підрядного речення (п. 26.4).

Вправа 5. Розкажіть про забруднення води, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.

Lesson 27. Air Pollution

27.1. Усна тема. Забруднення повітря

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Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть у словнику та запам’ятайте підкреслені слова.

Air pollution has probably been with us since the very beginning of our existence on this planet, and even when man was not present.

Today, industrial activity is so great and fuel-powered transportation devices are so numerous that air pollution of human origin is starting to produce noticeable effects on a global scale. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by automobile engines arises from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons found in gasoline in which the fuel reacts with less oxygen than it is theoretically possible. It is estimated that as a result of human activity about 260 million tons of carbon monoxide are released into the Earth’s atmosphere every year. Automobile exhaust gases contain an average of 4–5 % CO. As to sulphur oxides, they have other bad effects in addition to those concerning human health. In high concentrations they are lethal to vegetation.

There has appeared one more type of pollution which is threatening the globe as a whole. The protective layer of ozone around our planet is under severe attack. Alarm bells sounded in 1982 when researches in the Antarctic first identified a yawning hole where the ozone layer is the thinnest. Five years later it was reported that the hole had grown to an area the size of the United States. The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it acts as a filter intercepting most of the sun’s radiation including potentially harmful ultraviolet β-rays which can cause melanoma – skin cancer.

The cause of the appearance of the arctic hole is the growing industrial use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-s). CFC is a propellent gas commonly used in aerosol sprays, air cooling systems in fridges and air conditioning. There is the need for an international agreement that would completely stop CFC production.

Визначте, чи є правильними висловлювання.

1. Industrial activity produces no effect on nature. 2. Automobile engines emit carbon monoxide. 3. Every year one ton of carbon monoxide is emitted into the atmosphere. 4. Sulphur oxides are harmful only to human health. 5. Scientists discovered the hole in ozone layer in 1917. 6. Now the ozone hole is the size of Moldova. 7. Ozone layer protects the Earth against the sun’s radiation. 8. Too

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much ultraviolet radiation can cause only good suntan. 9. The arctic hole appeared due to the use of CFC-s. 10. CFC-s are used in nuclear reactors.

27.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово наступний текст. Eco - catastrophe

Air pollution continues to be the most obvious manifestation of environmental deterioration. Giant metropolises like New York and Los Angeles, suffer from recurrent smog disasters.

The public has been partially prepared for the worst as TV screens became filled with scenes of horror from the areas worst affected by pollution.

Terms like nitrogen oxide, acute bronchitis and cardiac arrest began to have real meaning for most Americans. The department of Health, Education and Welfare announced studies that showed unequivocally that increasing death rates from hypertension, cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer and a series of other diseases had resulted from these chemical compounds – products of industrial waste and automobile exhaust fumes.

27.3. Читання

Прочитайте діалог по ролях.

A:Can you tell me anything about smoggy cities?

B:I know that the smoggiest cities in the world are Teheran, Baghdad, Delhi, Calcutta, Athens and Madrid.

A:And what is the reason?

B:It’s the presence of great amount of sulphur dioxide and suspended particles in the air. Rain washes these harmful substances out of the air, but this creates “acid rain”.

A:Are acid rains harmful?

B:Certainly. They pollute water, damage crops, forests and buildings.

A:Do they affect people’s health?

B:Of course, they do.

27.4.Граматика. Узгодження часів

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Запам’ятайте! Якщо у головному реченні використовується присудок у

минулому часі, то й у підрядному реченні присудок повинен бути в одній з форм минулого часу, а саме:

Головне речення Підрядне речення в минулому часі

Вправа 2. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на узгодження часів.

1. Nobody expected that he would ever be able to do it. 2. It seemed that everything was quite all right. 3. He told them what had happened to him in Paris. 4. We knew that he was writing a new novel. 5. He declared that he would defend his rights. 6. She said that similar questions might be asked at the examinations. 7. We heard that she had become a champion. 8. He saw that the ship was leaving.

Вправа 3. Поставте дієслова у дужках у необхідній формі.

1. I knew that John currently (to work) at a new project. 2. Mike hoped that his friend (to help) him with his technical drawing. 3. We didn’t know the score, but

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we were sure their team (to lose) the game. 4. Yesterday Tom learned that his aunt (to be ill) for two months. 5. The children were afraid of making any noise because Mom (to sleep). 6. He said that he (to trust) me. 7. We were told that Andrew (to go) to enter that college. 8. The police found out that Bob Slant (to live) in London’s suburbs at that time. 9. My parents decided that we (to celebrate) my birthday on Saturday. 10. The student wasn’t able to do the translation because he (not / to know) some special terms. 11. Ann wasn’t informed that the lecture (to take place) the next Friday.

Вправа 4. Передайте речення непрямою мовою, починаючи їх словами у дужках.

1. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought) 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She dances better than anybody else. (I was told)

9.My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his company. (I learnt)

10.She will come to stay with us. (My aunt wrote in her letter) 11. He is painting a new picture. (We heard) 12. His new picture will be a masterpiece. (We were sure) 13. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid) 14. My friend has never been to Washington. (I knew) 15. She never drinks milk. (I was told) 16. He is a very talented singer. (We were told) 17. They live a happy life. (We knew) 18. He does not know German at all. (I found out)

27.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Передайте наступні речення у минулому часі.

1. Mother says Nick has just phoned from the Crimea. 2. He says he has spent the whole month at the sea-side. 3. Nick says his friend and he are spending most of their time on the beach. 4. Nick says he has visited a lot of beautiful places along the Black Sea coast. 5. He says he has made lots of pictures while travelling in the mountains. 6. Mother says Nick will tell us a lot of interesting stories that happened to him. 7. She says that last time she was to the Crimea many years ago. 8. She says she will go there next summer.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть англійською.

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1. Він сказав, що любить проводити свою відпустку в Криму і збирається поїхати туди цього літа. 2. Він сказав, що вся сім’я прийшла в аеропорт провести його перед вильотом у Лондон. 3. Він не мав певності, що йому треба їхати саме туди. 4. Я був певен, що всі квитки в театр опери та балету вже продані. 5. Він сказав, що цю п’єсу варто подивитися. 6. Мені сказали, що незабаром цей фільм демонструватимуть на екранах кінотеатрів. 7. Він повідомив, що у нього нема ще ніяких планів щодо відпустки.

Вправа 7. Вивчіть діалог з п. 27.3 напам’ять.

Lesson 28. Land Pollution 28.1. Усна тема. Забруднення землі

Почитайте текст, знайдіть у словнику підкреслені слова. Land Pollution Facts

As more and more people learn the importance of living green, land pollution facts come more to the surface of many people’s minds. Still, some are very much unaware of how much pollution exists, or about how they can help to reduce it.

Of course, most land pollution comes from industrial and commercial sources such as factories, oil refineries and other industries. While it might seem like there is nothing you can do to stop such pollution, the truth is that you can make a difference.

Many people are not aware of the impact that such industrial pollution can have on the earth. By helping to make it known, you can be one of the voices that will draw attention to the issue thus helping to inspire change.

Happily, new laws and regulations have greatly reduced the amount of commercial and industrial pollution, but the problem still exists and there is still more work that needs to be done to reduce it further.

Land pollution facts that may more directly apply to you as an individual would be those that center on pollution from littering and just not caring for the earth the way you should.

Here are a few land pollution facts that pertain to littering.

∙ Some studies show that more than 8 million gallons of litter is thrown from car windows every day.

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∙Of all of the items placed in landfills each year, nearly 80% of them could have been recycled.

∙More than 30 billion non-biodegradable foam cups are used each year.

∙More than 20 billion tons of topsoil is lost each year due to land pollutions.

In addition to using your voice to spread the word about how important it is to stop commercial land pollution, there are also action steps you can take today that will cut down on your personal contribution to land pollution.

Here are a few land pollution facts how to reduce your own waste. Buy Used

∙Many of the items that you use every day can be found used. This includes clothes, furniture, household items and many more.

∙You should also donate all of your old items to a local thrift store rather than throwing them away. This will not only cut down on what ends up in a landfill, but will give someone else a chance to find what they need used rather than having to buy new.

∙Of course, you won’t be able to find everything you need used, but you should always start your search looking for used items and only buy new when you must. This will not only help the environment, but it will save you money as well.

Eat Organic

∙When you eat organic foods, you are supporting farmers that do not use pesticides which are harmful to the environment.

∙Organic foods will cost a bit more, but they are better both for the environment and for your health.

Watch the Packaging

∙When you do need to buy something new, try to find products that do not use unnecessary packaging. Such packaging accounts for a lot of what is thrown away by consumers each year.

∙Write to companies that use too much packaging and let them know that you would love to buy their products, but that you will not do so until they eliminate what will potentially become land pollution.

We must learn to care for the earth in a responsible way so that it can continue to sustain life and provide abundant beauty both in this generation and in the generations to come.

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