Навч_Пос_бник_Лазарева_Ковтун

listen to the advice of your parents. 5. On Sundays I ___ not get up early. 6. The performance is great. You ___ go and see it. 7. My sister has got a job in Kiev, so she will ___ leave Kharkov soon.

20.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами can, may, must.

1. What ___ we see on this map? 2. ___ you speak Spanish? – No, unfortunately I ___. 3. At what time ___ you come to school? 4. Dear aunt, ___ we stay at your place for another week? We would like to see more sites of your beautiful city. 5. You ___ not smoke here. 6. ___ take your book? – I am afraid not: I need it. 7. He ___ not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I ___ go. 9. They ___ not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You ___ read this text: it is easy enough.

Вправа 7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова.

1. Усі повинні виконувати закони. 2. Вам не потрібно перекладати цей текст. 3. Він, напевно, все ще в бібліотеці. 4. Вам не слід їсти так багато цукерок. 5. Вам необхідно відправити лист негайно. 6. Вам не слід говорити йому про це. 7. Вам доведеться переписати контрольну. 8. Я поспішав, і мені довелось взяти таксі. 9. Потяг повинен прийти через п’ять хвилин. 10. Мені потрібні кольорові олівці.

Вправа 8. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях словами: is situated, commercial, places of interest, educational, a seaport.

1. There are very many famous ___ in London. 2. The capital of Great Britain is not only a large city but also ___. 3. One of the districts in London, the City, is a business and ___ centre of the country. 4. London ___ on the Thames. 5. London is also a large ___ and scientific centre of the country.

Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про Лондон з використанням активних слів та виразів.

141

Lesson 21. Education in Great Britain 21.1. Розмовна тема. Освіта у Великобританії

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику. School Life for a British Boy (Written by Erik)

My School is a mixed 11–18 school. There are about 1,150 students in my school, including 200 in the sixth form. It is called a Technology College and specializes in Computers and Maths. My school has over 1200 computers (including over 400 tablet PC’s)

I am in Year 8. I am presently having to decide what GCSEs I would like to start working towards. I am sitting for my GCSE exams next year instead of the year after when most other people of my age will be doing them.

Some subjects are compulsory like Maths, English, Science and a foreign language. I am not sure what other GCSEs I will be taking. I will have to decide soon.

My School Day

I leave home at 6:45 and walk 20 minutes to catch a bus to school. The bus is a special one just for kids going to my school. The journey on the bus takes an hour because it has to keep stopping to pick up other students along the way.

When I arrive at school, I collect my Tablet PC from the Flexi (Flexiable Learning Centre). Then I go to my Tutor Room for Registration at 8:30.

What is Registration?

The attendance of every child attending school each morning and afternoon is recorded in a special book. The teacher reads out each child’s name in turn. On hearing his/her name, the child replies ‘yes Mrs. (teacher’s name)’ and the teacher notes down in the book whether the child is in school or not.

We listen to announcements to see what special things are happening at school today or this week.

At about 8:50 we leave Tutor Room to go to our First Period. Every day I have a different Lesson the first period. Normally it is Humanities but I also have Maths, Drama and Music, and French on the other days. Each period lasts an hour.

All my lessons are in different rooms and places around the school. Each Room either has a three digit number or a name. The numbers are very hard to remember! I have different teachers for each lesson. I have a locker where I can

142

store some of my stuff but otherwise I have to carry it all around with me in my bags.

Swipe Cards

Every Student carries a swipe card. We swipe into every lesson to let the school know that we have attended that certain lesson and where we are in case of emergencies.

There are two stripes, a black and a brown, on the Swipe Card. The brown is to swipe into lessons and the black is to get into the toilets and buildings.

We can put money on our Swipe cards instead of carrying cash around. When we want to pay for snacks at the shop or the canteen we just hand over our cards and they deduct the money.

Subjects

Maths, English, Science, ICT, Drama, Music, Art, PE.

Humanities (History, Geography, and Religion), French or Spanish. Time Table

9:00 1st Period 10:00 2nd Period 11:00 – 11:20 Break

During the break, I have a snack and play and chat with my friends. Usually we play a chasing game. Snow ball fight when it snows is dead fun.

11:20 3rd Period 12:30 4th Period 1:30 – 2:10 Lunch

I bring a packed lunch to school but occasionally I have school dinners in the School Canteen. School lunches are priced at £1.60.

2:10 5th Period 3:10 End of School

Sometimes I stay after school for clubs. Canteen

The Canteen is open at Lunch Time and Break Time. Most hot food is served only at lunch time. Chips are only available on Mondays and Fridays.

Tablet PC

We don’t use our Tablet PCs in all lessons because some rooms do not have enough power sockets. We use the Tablets to do our work on and to search the

143

Internet. Our Tablet PCs are connected to a Network so we can send our work straight to our teachers, and they can send them back with their comments.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How old is Eric? 2. What subjects are compulsory for GCSE? 3. What do pupils do in Tutor room before lessons? 4. What is a Swipe Card used for at school? 5. How many lessons a day do British pupils have? 6. Where do the pupils take a Tablet PC? 7. How do they use the computer at school? 8. How do British pupils address their teacher?

21.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Знайдіть закінчення речень.

144

21.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику. Universities in Great Britain

There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Birmingham. Oxford & Cambridge Universities date back from the 12th and 13th centuries. They are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent.

Good A-level results in at least 2 subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews.

After three or four years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take Master’s Degree and then a Doctor’s Degree.

There are about 30 Polytechnics in Great Britain. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses (for working students).

Some school leavers at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.

There’s an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It has a correspondence system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier or who are interested in some particular subjects. The Open University is free of charge.

145

Вправа 2. Заповніть пропуски словами з тексту.

1. There are ___ universities in Britain. 2. Oxford University was founded in the

___ century. 3. Oxford & Cambridge Universities are often called collectively

___. 4. To enter a university it is necessary to have good results of ___ exams in at least ___ subjects. 5. You can receive the Degree of Bachelor after ___ years of study. 6. Some of higher educational institutions offer full-time and ___

courses (for working students). 7. The Open University has a ___ system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier.

21.4. Граматика. Вживання модальних дієслів з Perfect Infinitive

Вправа 3. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

146

1. He must have translated that article yesterday. 2. They must have forgotten all about it. 3. The discussion must have been very interesting. It’s a pity I could not stay. 4. The students may have translated these articles last month. 5. They may have returned home already. 6. My friend may have left two days ago. 7. They could have taken their exam in English yesterday. 8. She could have arrived some days ago. 9. He might have left his book in some other place. 10. She might have come if you had asked her. 11. I should have done it before. 12. You should have translated those articles long ago. 13. You could have informed me in time. 14. A specially designed computer should have been used in the equipment of the meteo probe. 15. You might have known that to stop the flow of electricity you have to use a switch. 16. The article should have been translated long ago, where is the translation?

Вправа 4. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом.

1. Не може бути, щоб він сказав це. 2. Чому ви так рано пішли? Ви могли б залишитись довше. 3. Можливо, ви залишили вашу парасольку в магазині. 4. Певно, він не чув будильника. 5. Мабуть, я забув виключити світло в лабораторії. 6. Вам не слід було пити так багато вина. 7. Вчора було дуже холодно. Вам слід було вдягнути більш тепле пальто. 8. Невже він відмовився вам допомогти? 9. Вам можна було не приїжджати так рано. Поїзд вирушає тільки через годину.

21.5. Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Прокоментуйте наступні дії, вживаючи модальні дієслова should, shouldn’t or needn’t. Examples:

1)A boy was impolite to a girl and did not apologize. – You should have apologized to the girl.

2)A pupil did all the exercises in writing, even those which were meant for oral practice. – You needn’t have done all the exercises in writing.

3)Your aunt is running a temperature. – You should consult the doctor.

What will you say to the person who:

1)bought bread which was not necessary?

2)was not present at the meeting?

3)sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary?

147

4)went out without his coat and caught cold?

5)apologized for asking you a question?

6)didn’t attend a very important lecture?

7)got up at six o’clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary? read till two o’clock in the morning?

8)copied the whole text into his exercise-book?

9)watered the garden, and it is raining now?

10)hasn’t returned the books to the library?

11)crossed the street under the red light?

12)doesn’t cross the street when the lights are green?

Вправа 6. Заповніть порівняльну таблицю систем освіти у Великобританії та Україні.

Age to start schooling

School stages (names and age)

Types of schools

Final exams

Types of higher educational institutions

Entrance requirements

Kinds of diplomas

Вправа 7. Складіть розповідь про типовий день британського школяра з використанням активних слів та виразів.

Lesson 22. The United States of America 22.1. Розмовна тема. Сполучені Штати Америки

Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.

The United States of America popularly called “The States”, “the USA”, “The Land of Liberty” is one of the most powerful countries in the world. Since 1492, when Columbus discovered America, people from every country of the world have come to make their homes in America. Besides, the USA is often called “a nation of immigrants” because the country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants and their children.

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North

148

America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about 9.5 (nine and a half) million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a seaboarder with Russia. The population of the country is more than 270 million.

The geography and the climate of the US is so varied that you can find there any landscape and weather. You can see enormous forests, snow-topped mountain peaks, gently rolling meadows with many streams, sea cliffs, wide grass savannas and even deserts there. The country can be nominally divided into three areas: Eastern area is a highland, central area is a plain and Western area is mountains including the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleras and the Sierra Nevada.

There are five Great Lakes in the northern part of the USA. They are: Huron, Michigan, Superior, Ontario and Erie. The world-famous water-fall called Niagara Fall is situated there. There are a lot of rivers in the US. The Mississippi together with its tributary the Missouri is one of the longest rivers in the world.

The USA is among the greatest industrial nations. Large deposits of oil, coal, iron and other minerals are solid base for the development of American industry. The US produces about 25% of the world’s industrial products, agricultural goods, and services. The US is the world’s leader in many branches, e.g. biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace research, communications, computer and information services, and similar high-tech fields. The USA is also the world’s leading agricultural nation, which not only feeds her own people but exports the products abroad.

Washington, the capital of the USA, is situated in the District of Columbia (DC), named after Columbus, the discoverer of America. The city is named in honour of the first President George Washington who selected the location for the capital. Washington has been the capital of the USA since 1800.

The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is the capital of the US – Washington, DC. This district is a piece of land which doesn’t belong to any state. According to the US Constitution the power in the country is divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the

149

House of Representatives. The seat of the Congress is the Capitol. The US President is chosen by electors from each state and holds office for 4 years. Nowadays the President may be elected for two terms only. The President must be a U.S. citizen by birth, resident in the country for 14 years, and at least 35 years old. The presidential election is held every fourth year (leap year) on the first Tuesday in November. The official residence of the US President is the White House, where he works in the Oval Office.

The national banner of the United States of America, commonly known as “The Stars and Stripes” or “Old Glory”, is a flag bearing 50 stars and 13 stripes. Each star represents a present-day state and each stripe stands for one of the 13 original colonies. The national symbol of the US is the eagle.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. The discoverer of America was (Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Captain John Smith). 2. In the west the USA is washed by (the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean). 3. The US is the (fourth largest, smallest, largest) country in the world. 4. In the south the US borders on (Canada, Russia, Mexico). 5. The Great Lakes are situated in the (eastern, northern, western) part of the country. 6. The capital of the USA is (San Francisco, New York, Washington). 7. The American President is elected for (4, 5, 15) years. 8. The seat of the Congress is (the White House, the Capitol, the Empire State building). 9. The presidential elections are held on (the first Tuesday in November, the first Sunday in January, the first of May). 10. The American flag is called (“The Union Jack”, “The Maple Leaf”, “The Stars and Stripes”).

22.2. Письмові завдання

Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски словами: large cities, the greatest, mountains, boarders on, rivers, subtropical, fifty states, situated, Federal district of Columbia, the largest city, washed by, very changeable, cities, cold weather, stands, the Appalachians, capital.

1. The United States of America is one of ___ countries in the world. 2. It is ___

on the North America continent and is ___ two oceans: the Pacific and the Atlantic. 3. The USA ___ only two countries – Canada and Mexico. 4. This great country has a lot of ___, rivers and lakes. 5. The main mountains are ___

and the Cordilleras. 6. The longest ___ are the Mississippi and its tributary, the

150