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Англ.яз. Грамматика Митрошкина - for students (1).doc
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IV. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в одной из форм настоящего времени:

  1. I (learn) the English language since last year.

  2. It’s the first time you (come) in due time.

  3. At the moment we (wait) for permission to go ahead with the project.

  4. He (apply) for jobs without success for months now.

  5. I know that since January he (be) in charge of the management division.

  6. I (type) this report since yesterday and I’m only halfway through.

  7. Some of our employees (attend) courses to get a better command of foreign languages.

  8. The unemployment rate (hold) steady over the past couple of months.

  9. We currently (negotiate) the inclusion of that amendment into the contract.

  10. I see you (write) letters of advice all morning. Is it the last notice you (write) now?

  11. They (be) business rivals for more than 10 years and still (be).

  12. Elected officials always (listen) to their electorate and (try) to act on their suggestions.

  13. I (make) an appointment with Mr. Trench. Can I see him? ~ I’m sorry, he (not arrive) yet.

  14. My immediate supervisor regularly (give) me feedback that (help) me to improve my performance.

  15. I (know) Mr. Smith all my life and we always (be) good business partners.

  16. I (not like) the new office manager, she always (bother) me with silly questions.

  17. Sheila says she (be) very tired recently. She (work) almost sixty hours a week for the past month.

  18. The figures presented in your report (look) rather optimistic. Are you sure they (be) accurate?

  19. I (feel) that we have to do too much paperwork; we always (fill) in forms or writing reports and letters.

  20. These days, car factories all over the world (suffer) a big drop in sales. That’s why some auto makers (announce) a price cut.

Способы выражения прошедшего времени

PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)

Прошедшее неопределенное

Утвердительная

форма

Отрицательная

форма

Вопросительная

форма

I

He

She worked

It

We knew

You

They

I

He

She did not work

It

We did not know

You

They

I

he

Did she work?

it

Did we know?

you

they

He bought a new car a month ago.

She didn’t make any mistakes in the test.

Did you see Mr. Bell yesterday?

Случаи употребления:

1. действие, произошедшее в некоторый момент времени в прошлом (время действия указывается или подразумевается)

She graduated from the university in 2008. – Она окончила университет 2008 году.

They met at the conference. – Они познакомились на конференции.

2. повторяющиеся или последовательные действия в прошлом

Every day he came to the office, sat down at his table and started working. – Каждый день он приходил в офис, садился за стол и начинал работать.

3. действие, которое длилось в течение некоторого периода времени в прошлом и теперь закончено

He studied for four years to become a lawyer. – Он учился в течение четырех лет, чтобы стать юристом.

Обстоятельства времени:

yesterday – вчера

last week – на прошлой неделе

a year ago – год назад

on Wednesday – в среду

in autumn – осенью

earlier – раньше

the other day – на днях

in 2012 – в 2012 году

When …? – Когда …?

How long ago …? – Сколько времени тому назад …?

PAST CONTINUOUS

Прошедшее длительное

Утвердительная

форма

Отрицательная

форма

Вопросительная

форма

I

He was working

She

It

I

He was not working

She

It

I

Was he working?

she

it

We

You were working

They

We

You were not working

They

we

Were you working?

they

I was reading a newspaper at 5 o’clock.

We weren’t expecting him till Monday.

What was he doing when you called?

Случаи употребления:

1. действие, которое происходило (длилось) в точное время в прошлом

She was typing letters from 9 to 11 o’clock. – Она печатала письма с 9 до 11 часов.

2. действие, на фоне или в процессе развития которого произошло другое действие

I was talking on the phone when my boss arrived. – Я разговаривал по телефону, когда приехал мой босс.

3. слишком часто повторявшееся действие, которое вызывало недовольство, раздражение

She was always complaining about her colleagues! – Вечно она жаловалась на коллег!

Обстоятельства времени:

at 5 o’clock – в 5 часов

from 3 to 4 – с 3 до 4

at noon – в полдень

at that time – в то время

the whole day – весь день

while – в то время как

when the phone rang – когда зазвонил телефон

when he came – когда он пришел

PAST PERFECT

Прошедшее совершенное

Утвердительная

форма

Отрицательная

форма

Вопросительная

форма

I

He

She had worked

It

We had known

You

They

I

He

She had not worked

It

We had not known

You

They

I

he

Had she worked?

it

Had we known?

you

they

They had finished by 5 o’clock.

I realised that he hadn’t received the news yet.

Had the police arrived before he escaped?

Случаи употребления:

1. действие, которое завершилось до определенного момента времени в прошлом (предпрошедшее)

She had prepared everything by the end of the day. – Она все подготовила к концу дня.

I realised that we had met before. – Я понял, что мы встречались раньше.

2. действие, которое имело результат в прошлом

Mr. Lynn was angry as his documents had disappeared. – Мистер Линн злился, так как его документы исчезли.

3. в конструкции

Past Perfect before

Past Indefinite

I had booked the hotel before I went on a business trip. – Я забронировал отель до того, как поехал в командировку.

4. в конструкции

Past Indefinite after

Past Perfect

I came to the station after the train had left. – Я приехал на вокзал после того, как поезд ушел.

5. в конструкциях

hardly … when,

scarcely … when,

no sooner … than

Hardly had I entered the room when the phone rang. – Как только я вошел в комнату, зазвонил телефон.

Обстоятельства времени:

by 9 o’clock – к 9 часам

by that time – к тому времени

before – до того, как

after – после того, как

beforehand – заранее

in advance – заранее

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Прошедшее совершенно-длительное

Утвердительная

форма

Отрицательная

форма

Вопросительная

форма

I

He

She had been

It working

We

You

They

I

He

She had not been

It working

We

You

They

I

he

Had she been

it working?

we

you

they

She wanted to sit down because she had been standing all day.

He was not tired because he had not been exercising hard.

Had you been waiting there for more than an hour when she arrived?

Случаи употребления:

1. действие началось до определенного момента времени в прошлом и длилось в течение определенного периода

(предпрошедшее длительное)

I had been trying to get through for an hour before someone answered the phone. – Я пытался дозвониться в течение часа, прежде чем кто-то подошел к телефону.

I thought she had been talking on the phone since early morning. – Я подумал, что она разговаривала по телефону с самого утра.

Обстоятельства времени:

by that time – к тому времени

before – до того, как

How long …? – Как долго …?

for a week – в течение недели

since morning – с утра

all day long – весь день