Formula-fed infants should continue their usual formula immediately upon rehydration in amounts sufficient to satisfy energy and nutrient requirements and at the usual concentration. Lactose-free or lactose-reduced formulas usually are unnecessary.
Children receiving semisolid or solid foods should continue to receive their usual diet during episodes of diarrhea. Foods high in simple sugars should be avoided because the osmotic load might worsen diarrhea; therefore, substantial amounts of soft drinks (carbonated or flat), juice, gelatin desserts, and other highly sugared liquids should be avoided. Fatty foods should not be avoided, because maintaining adequate calories without fat is difficult, and fat might have an added benefit of reducing intestinal motility. The practice of withholding food for more than 24 hours is yet to be proven more effective.
The BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast and tea) was recommended in the past. It is no longer recommended, as it contains insufficient nutrients.
Pharmacologic therapy
Viral gastroenteritis is usually an acute and self-limited disease that does not require pharmacologic therapy.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics may sometimes be used if symptoms are severe and a bacterial cause is either isolated or suspected. If antibiotics are decided on, a fluoroquinolone is often used. Pseudomembranous colitis is treated by discontinuing the causative agent and starting with metronidazole or vancomycin.
Antibiotics usually are not given for gastroenteritis, although they may be given due to some bacteria.
Занятие № 8.
1.Тема: «Ulcer»
2.Значение изучения темы – в связи с использованием различных химических средств в сельском хозяйстве и пищевой промышленности и в связи с современным образом жизни, с погрешностями питания, нарушением рациона питания остро встает проблема заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта в различных возрастных категориях. Поэтому этот вопрос актуален и выносится на изучение студентами.
3.Цели занятия: на основе теоретических знаний и практических умений обучающийся должен уметь определять (использовать) функцию Complex Subject в предложении уметь переводить со словарем, находить нужную информацию в тексте
4.План изучения темы:
4.1. Исходный контроль знаний. Индивидуальный устный опрос. 4.2.Изучение нового материала.
1.Введение нового лексического материала (по теме).
2.Повторение грамматического материала (по теме Complex Subject). Грамматические упражнения: упр. XI, XII стр.209
3.Речевое - изучающее чтение Text A «Gastritis and Duodenal Ulcers» стр.207
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4. Поисковое чтение и заполнение таблицы
Causes |
Symptoms |
Treatment |
Text A. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
The Soviet scientists N. Burdenko, L, Koreisha, A. Speransky and B. Mogilnitsky proved the existence of an association between a lesion of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the development of ulcer.
The neurogenous theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer was developed further I into the corticovisceral theory by K. Bykov and I. Kurtsin. According to this I theory gastric and duodenal ulcers were found to result from disturbances in I the central nervous system, i. e. the brain cortex.The brain cortex under the influence of external and internal stimuli sends , I impulses to the stomach and the duodenum, which cause a spastic contraction I of vessels. Such a spastic contraction results in local trophic disturbances I followed by erosion of the affected area by the gastric juice.
In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous I persons, often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination I with an emotional overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer I development.
Gastric and duodenal ulcers are found to develop more frequently in men than in women, mainly at ages of 25 to 40 years. This disease is characterized I by pains, haemorrhages, nausea, vomiting, etc. At the onset of the disease pain I is usually dull in character. In gastric ulcers pain is found to grow worse after I meals. Acute pain in the stomach is known to be characteristic of perforated I ulcers. Pain due to ulcer is well known to occur periodically and be intermittent I in occurrence.
The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers, I etc. At a young age its course has no characteristic clinical manifestations. In old persons the incidence of ulcers is known to be rare. But they are often complicated by considerable haemorrhage resulting from sclerotic changes in the stomach.
Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remissions from 6 to 12 months. Exacerbation (обострение) of ulcers, particularly which of duodenal ulcers, has been found to occur in spring and autumn.
5. Основные понятия и положения темы:
Тема: «Ulcer»
In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous persons, often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination with an emotional overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer development. This disease is characterized by pains, haemorrhages, nausea, vomiting, etc.
The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers is found in women. Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remission from 6 to 12 months.
Грамматический материал.
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- В английском языке имеется конструкция сложное подлежащее. Она состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива. Между ними обычно находится сказуемое.
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- Перевод предложений со сложным подлежащим рекомендуется начинать со сказуемого. Сказуемое переводится неопределенно-личным оборотом или вводным словом. Инфинитив переводится сказуемым придаточного предложения. Он может быть простым, перфектным или страдательным. В качестве сказуемого употребляются следующие глаголы:
а) в страдательном залоге — to say; to report; to expect; to know; to think; to consider; to show; to see; to find; to hear; to observe; to reveal; to estimate; to believe полагать,
верить; to suppose предполагать и др.:
He is said to live here. Говорят, что он живет здесь.
б) в действительном залоге—to seem, to appear казаться; to prove, to turn out
оказываться; to happen, to chance случаться и некоторые другие: Не appears to be ill. Кажется, что он болен.
Примечание. Сказуемыми могут быть to be likely вероятно; to be unlikely вряд ли; to be certain, несомненно; to be sure наверняка. Инфинитив после этих выражений переводится будущим временем: The doctor Is likely to discharge this patient next week
Вероятно, врач выпишет этого больного на следующей неделе.
- Если употребляется простой инфинитив, он переводится настоящим временем, перфектный—прошедшим, а страдательный—сказуемым как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге в соответствующем времени:
Не is said to live here. He is said to have lived here. He is thought to be discharged from the hospital. Говорят, что он живет здесь. Говорят, что он жил здесь. Думают, что его выпишут из больницы.
6. Задания для уяснения темы занятия, методики вида деятельности:
6.1. Вопросы для самоподготовки:
1.What do you know about the neurgenous theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer?
2.What are causes of ulcer?
3.What is this disease characterized by?
4.How does the course of ulcer vary?
5.When does the exacerbation of ulcer occur?
6.2.Тестовые задания по теме.
Закончите данные предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста А:
1. Patients with perforated ulcers are known to complain of...
(a) an acute pain in the stomach; 6) a sharp pain in the substernal area radiating to the shoulder)
2. In old persons ulcers are complicated by haemorrhage which is due to...
(a) sclerotic changes in the stomach; 6) an irregular diet in combination with a nervous overstrain)
3. According to corticovisceral theory the development of ulcer is associated with... (a) disturbances in the blood supply of the brain; 6) the lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems) Ответы: 1-а; 2-а; 3-б.
6.3.Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. XIV стр. 209.
7.Список тем по УИРС, УИР:
«методы лечения язвы »
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