Занятие № 14.

1.Тема: «Influenza.Treatment»

2.Значение изучения темы – микробы и вирусы нарушают постоянство внутренней среды организма. Для уравновешивания этого нарушения организм использует весь комплекс механизмов, направленных на поддержание этого постоянства. Иммунологическая защита - часть этого комплекса.

3.Цели занятия: на основе теоретических знаний и практических умений обучающийся должен уметь употреблять в речи сослагательное наклонение, аннотировать текст, делать реферативный письменный перевод.

4.План изучения темы:

4.1. Исходный контроль знаний. Индивидуальный устный опрос (диалоги). 4.2.Изучение нового материала.

1.Введение нового лексического материала:

упр. VII, VIII, IX стр.235

2.Речевое — изучающее чтение: Text A «Immunity» стр.236

3.Реферативный письменный перевод со словарем (см. приложение 1 материал).

4.Аннотирование текста: Text А стр. 236.

5.Основные понятия и положения темы:

Тема: «Immunity»

The human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial.

To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin.

The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phadocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.

If the reaction against invading bacteria is unsufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body.

6.Задания для уяснения темы занятия, методики вида деятельности:

6.1.Вопросы для самоподготовки:

1.What are causes о infectious diseases?

2.What is immunity, what kinds of immunity do you know?

3.What do pathogenic microorganisms produce?

4.What is antitoxin?

5.In what way may vaccines be injected?

6.2.Тестовые задания по теме. Упр. XIII стр.237

6.3.Ситуационные задачи по теме: упр. XII стр.237.

13.Перечень практических умений:

7.Список тем по УИРС, УИР:

найти информацию о появлении на фармацевтическом рынке иммуностимуляторов (лек. препараты, добавки).

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приложение 1 Treatments for influenza include a range of medications and therapies that are used in response to disease influenza. Treatments may either directly target the influenza virus itself; or instead they may merely offer relief to symptoms of the disease, while the body's own immune system works to recover from infection.

The United States authority on disease prevention, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), recommends that persons suffering from influenza infections:

stay at home

get plenty of rest

drink a lot of liquids

avoid alcohol use and tobacco smoke

consider over-the-counter medications to relieve flu symptoms

consult a doctor early on for best possible treatment

remain alert for emergency warning signs

Antiviral Drugs

Antiviral drugs directly target the viruses responsible for influenza infections. Generally,

anti-viral drugs work optimally when taken within a few days of the onset of symptoms.[citation needed] Certain drugs are used prophylactically, that is they are used in

uninfected individuals to guard against infection.

Four licensed influenza antiviral agents are available in the United States: amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. They are avilable through prescription only. These drugs fall into categories as either M2-inhibitors (admantane derivatives) or neuraminidase inhibitors as illustrated in the following table.

In Russia and China Arbidol is a widley used treatment similar to oseltamivir. Testing of the drug has predominantly occurred in these countries. While Russian tests show it to have similar efficacy to other US-approved drugs, it has yet to be approved for use in Western countries.

Peramivir, an experimental anti-influenza drug, developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals has not yet been approved for sale in the United States.

Resistance

Overuse of anti-viral drugs, particularly as a prophylactic measure is thought to contribute to the development of drug-resistance in emerging influenza viruses.[citation

needed]

During the United States 2005–2006 influenza season, increasing incidence of drug resistance by strain H3N2 to amantadine and rimantadine led the CDC to recommend oseltamivir as a prophylactic drug, and the use of either oseltamivir or zanamivir as treatment.

Over-the-counter medication

Antiviral drugs are prescription-only medication in the United States. Readily available over-the-counter medication do not directly affect the disease, but the do provide relief from influenza symtoms, as illustrated in the table below.

Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially Influenzavirus B) can lead to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver.

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