Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA from respiratory specimens. In cases of measles infection following secondary vaccine failure IgM antibody may not be present. However, in the rare case of a secondary vaccine failure, other external symptoms may be present, including nausea, headaches, or a feeling of slight dizziness when turning one's head to the left. In these cases serological confirmation may be made by showing IgG antibody rises by enzyme immunoassay or complement fixation. In children, where phlebotomy is inappropriate, saliva can be collected for salivary measles specific IgA test. Adults are recommended to seek medical help right away.

Positive contact with other patients known to have measles adds strong epidemiological evidence to the diagnosis. The contact with any infected person in any way, including semen, saliva, or mucus can cause infection.

There is no specific treatment or antiviral therapy for uncomplicated measles. Most patients with uncomplicated measles will recover with rest and supportive treatment. Some patients will develop pneumonia as a sequela to the measles. Histologically, a unique cell can be found in the paracortical region of hyperplastic lymph nodes in patients affected with this condition. This cell, known as the Warthin-Finkeldey cell, is a multinucleated giant with eosinophilic cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions.

Занятие № 12.

1.Тема: «Influenza. Symptoms»

2.Значение изучения темы – восприимчивость к гриппу очень высокая. Периодичность эпидемий зависит от уровня иммунитета населения и изменчивости антигенных свойств вирусов. Эпидемии гриппа, вызванные вирусами типа А и В, иногда могут протекать в одно и тоже время.

3.Цели занятия: на основе теоретических знаний и практических умений обучающийся должен уметь грамотно переводить со словарем, выбирать из текста медицинские термины, находить в тексте ключевые слова и выражения.

4.План изучения темы:

4.1. Исходный контроль знаний.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.How old was the girl?

2.How did she feel in the morning?

3.What did the doctor do?

4.What did the doctor’s examination reveal?

5.Why did the doctor diagnose diphtheria?

6.What are the symptoms of diphtheria?

7.What treatment was used?

8.Did she have any complications?

9.What were the results of the urine tests?

10.What were the results of the smear tests?

11.What is the treatment for diphtheria?

Индивидуальный устный опрос.

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4.2.Изучение нового материала.

1. Введение нового лексического материала (презентация ЛЕ):

•Aches and pains

•Susceptibility

•Antigenic properties

•Congestion

•Cough (dry and hacking to loose and mucousy)

•Complication

•Respiratory secretions

2. Ознакомительное чтение «Grippe».

This disease is characterized in the typical form be sudden onset, fever of one to seven days duration, accompanied by prostration, aches and pains in the back and limbs, cold in the head, sore throat and bronchitis, and not uncommonly by pneumonia as a complication.

It is now recognized that there are several types of influenza! virus. The disease may be transmitted by direct contact, by droplet infection or by articles freshly soiled with discharges of the nose and throat of infected persons.

Incubation period is short, usually 24 of 72 hours. Although susceptibility is general, natural resistance or relative immunity appears to protect from one-quarters of persons intimately exposed to the disease even during widespread epidemics.

During epidemics efforts should be made by nurses and other attendants which may prove of value in preventing infection in hospitals. The isolation of early and suspicious cases of respiratory tract inflammation, particularly when accompanied by a rise in temperature, may delay the spread of the disease.

3.Дать английские эквиваленты сочетаний, указанных в графах таблицы: Резкое повышение t°

Сильный озноб Головная боль «Ломота» в теле Заложенность носа

Кашель (сначала сухой, «лающий», затем - с отделением слизи и мокроты) Инфицирование одним из вирусов гриппа

4.Письменный (полный) перевод со словарем: (приложение №1)

I вариант - Text « Influenza »

IIвариант - Text « Types of influenza virus»

5.Основные понятия и положения темы:

Тема: «Influenza. Symptoms»

Influenza - a highly contagious virus infection that affects the respiratory system. Sudden appearance of high fever, chills, headache, aches and pains, congestion and cough. There might be mild intestinal symptoms of nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea, but the symptoms of congestion and cough are most prominent. The fever lasts for 3 to 4 days, with the cough going from dry and hacking to loose and mucousy.

The influenza virus tends to infect people in epidemic proportions during the winter months. This disease disappears within a week for people who are usually healthy. In

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eledery people, or those with chronic problems, it tends to be a more severe disease with many complications, some leading to death.

Symptoms and diagnosis

In humans, influenza's effects are much more severe and last longer than those of the common cold. Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza, however, can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. The flu can worsen chronic health problems. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience shortness of breath while they have the flu, and influenza may cause worsening of coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure Smoking is another risk factor associated with more serious disease and increased mortality from influenza.

Symptoms

Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection. Usually the first symptoms are chills or a chilly sensation, but fever is also common early in the infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38-39 °C (approximately 100-103 °F). Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains throughout their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs. Symptoms of influenza may include:

Body aches, especially joints and throat

Extreme coldness and fever

Fatigue

Headache

Irritated watering eyes

Reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose

Abdominal pain (in children with influenza B)[53]

It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the early stages of these infections, but a flu can be identified by a high fever with a sudden onset and extreme fatigue. Research on signs and symptoms of influenza found that the best findings for excluding the diagnosis of influenza (having ratios less than 0.5 between the likelihood of having flu if one does not have the symptom to the likelihood if one does have the symptom)

6. Задания для уяснения темы занятия, методики вида деятельности:

6.1. Вопросы для самоподготовки:

1.What is this disease characterized by?

2.How may the disease be transmitted?

3.What are the measures to reduce epidemics?

4.What complications can arise?

6.2.Тестовые задания по теме. I. True or False?

1.There might be mild intestinal symptoms.

2.The fever lasts for 1 day.

3.The influenza virus tends to infect people in epidemic proportions during the summer months.

4.Influenza is a contagious disease.

5.Onset is sudden with fever, severe generalised myalgia and prostration.

6.Incubation period is long, usually 72 hours and more.

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6.3. Ситуационные задачи по теме: Complete:

1.Symptoms include headache, fever and ....

2.The disease may be transmitted by direct contact, by droplet infection or by

3.The virus multiplies in cells lining the respiratory tract including the ciliated epithelium, alveolar cells and ....

4.The infected cells show degenerative changes like swelling, vacuolation and

5.Complications of influenza are: influental pneumonia, neurological disorders and....

7. Список тем по УИРС, УИР:

написать мини-реферат на тему: «Осложнения после гриппа» (объем 15-29 предложений).

приложение №1

Text 1 Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease that affects birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). The name influenza comes from the Italian: influenza, meaning "influence", (Latin: influentia). In humans, common symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, pharyngitis, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness, and general discomfort. In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly in young children and the elderly. Although it is often confused with the common cold, influenza is a much more severe disease and is caused by a different type of virus. Influenza can produce nausea and vomiting, especially in children, but these symptoms are more characteristic of the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes called "stomach flu" or "24-hour flu".

Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. Infections also occur through contact with these body fluids or with contaminated surfaces. Flu viruses can remain infectious for about one week at human body temperature, over 30 days at 0 °C (32 °F), and for much longer periods at very low temperatures. Most influenza strains can be inactivated easily by disinfectants and detergents.

Flu spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands annually — millions in pandemic years. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century and killed tens of millions of people, with each of these pandemics being caused by the appearance of a new strain of the virus in humans. Often, these new strains result from the spread of an existing flu virus to humans from other animal species. A deadly avian strain named H5N1 has posed the greatest risk for a new influenza pandemic since it first killed humans in Asia in the 1990s. Fortunately, this virus has not mutated to a form that spreads easily between people.

Text 2 Types of influenza virus

Structure of the influenza virion. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins are shown on the surface of the particle. The viral RNAs that make up the genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to Ribonuclear Proteins (RNPs).

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