- •УЧебное пособие по английскому языку
- •Введение
- •Содержание
- •Infinitive
- •Unit 5 43
- •Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities
- •4. Give the summary of the text.
- •Air pollution as the major problem of the day
- •1.Translate these word combinations and make a dialogue.
- •2. Read three given jists of the text and find one which corresponds to the contents best.
- •3. One of the greatest problems of all modern cities is the environment pollution. Read the text and tell which of the problems mentioned in the text are typical for the city you live in.
- •1. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •2. What environmental problems does air pollution cause? Fill in the table.
- •3. You are taking part in the conference on the environmental problems. Deliver a report on air pollution.
- •The ozone layer depletion
- •Страдательный залог (passive voice )
- •Organic chemistry
- •Chemical elements and compounds
- •Organic compounds
- •Substances and their transformations
- •Страдательный залог с модальными глаголами
- •Industrial Gases
- •An achievement of science: gas transformed into metal
- •Инфинитив (the infinitive)
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •Unit 4 units materials science and technology
- •Mechanical properties of materials
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Объектный инфинитивный оборот (the objective infinitive construction)
- •Measuring temperature
- •Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
- •(The subjective infinitive construction)
- •Ventilation : definition and necessity
- •Functional requirements of ventilationsystem
- •1. Air changes (or air movement) and rate of supply of fresh air
- •Systems of ventilation
- •Natural ventilation
- •Fig. 2.1. Movement of wind through buildings.
- •Ventilation due to stack effect
- •Fig. 2.4. Ventilation due to stack effect.
- •Ventilation due to both the effects
- •Meciianical (or artificial) ventilation
- •1. Extraction system (or exhaust system)
- •2. Plenum system (or supply system)
- •3. Extraction-Plenum system
- •4. Air conditioning
- •Air conditioning
- •Vocabulary
- •Герундий (gerund)
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16. Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18. Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (the participle)
- •§ 217. 1. Present Participle Active (причастие настоящего времени
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •I. Tasks before reading.
- •II. Listen to the students' discussion and name advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources
- •III. Complete the following dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.
- •II. Match the words with the opposite meaning.
- •III. Find in в the derivatives from the words in a.
- •I. What do we need energy for? Make a list of the uses of energy and compare it with that of your partner.
- •II. Translate the following compound nouns into Russian.
- •III. Scan the text to find answers to these questions.
- •Forms of energy
- •Varieties of energy (a)
- •The end of the universe (b)
- •Heat energy (c)
- •Participle II
- •Независимый причастный оборот (the absolute participle construction)
- •1. Express the same idea in a shorter way.
- •2. Join these sentences into one.
- •3. Provide more detailed information.
- •4. Expand the sentences.
- •5. Choose the right option.
- •6. Open the brackets and use Participles in the right form.
- •7. Correct mistakes.
- •Water supply
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •Unit 10
- •Operating systems
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Introduction to the www and the internet
- •Vocabulary:
- •Famous people of Science and Engineering. Bill gates
- •Unit 11
- •2. Chilled Water System
- •2.9. Essentials of air conditioning system
- •1. Filtration
- •2. Heating
- •3. Cooling
- •4. Humidification
- •5. Dehumidification
- •6. Air circulation or distribution
- •Unit 12 albert einstein
- •Time for fun
- •Unit 13 mstislav keldysh (1911-1978)
- •Industrial plastics: rigid and flexible foams
- •Unit 14
- •D.I. Mendeleyev — pride of russian science
- •Unit 15
- •Igor kurchatov (1903—1960)
- •Unit 16 our star —the sun
- •Список литературы
Heat energy (c)
The mechanical theory of heat states that heat is a form of energy due to the motion or configuration of the molecules of a body. Like mechanical energy, | heat energy may be of the kinetic or of the potential form. The expression ' £[sigme]=l/2 mv2 extended to the moving molecules of a system gives the thermal kinetic energy of the system. The kinetic theory of gases shows that the temperature of a body is a measure of its thermal kinetic energy. The temperature rising, the thermal kinetic energy is increased. The temperature falling, the thermal kinetic energy is decreased. Thermal potential energy is due to the position or configuration of the molecules of a body. Thus the volume of the body being increased, work is required to separate the molecules against their mutual attractions, and this work is stored as potential energy. Again, the state of aggregate being changed, as in fusion or vaporization, work is required to break down the molecular structure, and this work is stored in the system as potential energy. In the case of gases like air and nitrogen, the attractive forces between the molecules are so small that the thermal potential energy is practically zero. The internal energy of a gas is therefore assumed to be wholly of the kinetic form.
Ex. 1. Find the English equivalents to the following Russian sentences:
1. Если температура тела поднимается, его тепловая кинетическая энергия увеличивается. 2. Когда температура падает, тепловая кинетическая энергия тела уменьшается. 3. Таким образом, если объем тела увеличивается. 4 ... если (когда) агрегатное состояние изменяется...
Ex. 2. Point out which sentence expresses the main idea of the text (C):
1 The numerical relation between the unit of heat and the unit of work has been determined very accurately from experiments.
2. While dealing with mechanical energy the conventional units are - the foot-pound (ft.-lb.) and the horsepower-hour (hp.-hr).
3. Heat, being a form of energy, may be of the kinetic or of the potential form.
Participle II
Participle II выполняет в предложении функции определения и обстоятельства.
Participle П в функции определения отвечает на вопрос какой?, какая?, какое? и может стоять:
а) перед определяемым словом:
The injured man was taken to hospital.
Потерпевшего (человека) отвезли в больницу
б) после определяемого слова:
The theatre built in the last century needed reconstruction
Театр, построенный в прошлом веке, нуждался в реконструкции.
На русский язык Participle II в функции определения переводится причастиями страдательного залога совершенного и несовершенного вида с суффиксами-окончаниями -нный, -емый, -имый, -тый.
Перед Participle II в функции обстоятельства иногда могут стоять союзы if, unless, when. В таком случае конструкция переводится на русский язык чаще всего безличным обстоятельственным придаточным предложением, в котором подлежащее то же, что и в главном предложении:
When asked this question, the student could not answer it at once.
Когда студенту задали этот вопрос, он не смог ответить на него сразу.
Сложные формы причастий
Participle I Indefinite Passive выполняет функции:
1) определения; переводится на русский язык причастием настоящего времени действительного или страдательного залога или определительным придаточным предложением:
The bridge being built across the Мост, строящийся (который строится)
river is going to be beautiful. через реку, будет очень красивым.
2) обстоятельства (времени, причины); переводится на русский язык обстоятельственным придаточным предложением:
Being built of wood the bridge Так как мост был построен
could not carry heavy loads. (будучи построенным) из дерева,
он не мог выдержать тяжелых нагрузок.
Perfect Participle Active выражает действие, предшествовавшее действию, выраженному сказуемым, и переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида:
Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory.
Закончив эксперимент, студенты ушли из лаборатории.
Perfect Participle Passive, выполняя функцию обстоятельства (времени, причины), выражает действие, предшествовавшее действию сказуемого, и переводится на русский язык обстоятельственным придаточным предложением. При этом в качестве подлежащего русского придаточного предложения употребляется подлежащее английского предложения.
Having been translated into many languages После того как книги Пушкина были переведены на многие языки, они стали известны во всем мире.
Pushkin's books became known all over the world.
Таблица форм причастий
|
Participle I |
Participle П |
|
|
Active |
Passive |
changed 1) определение: изменяемый, измененный 2) обстоятельство: когда (его) изменили, так как (его) изменили |
Indefinite |
changing 1) определение: изменяющиеся) (вший) (ся) 2) обстоятельство: изменяя(сь) |
being changed 1) определение: изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется 2) обстоятельство: будучи измененным |
|
Perfect |
having changed обстоятельство: изменившись) |
having been changed обстоятельство: когда (его) изменили, после того как (его) изменили |
|