- •УЧебное пособие по английскому языку
- •Введение
- •Содержание
- •Infinitive
- •Unit 5 43
- •Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities
- •4. Give the summary of the text.
- •Air pollution as the major problem of the day
- •1.Translate these word combinations and make a dialogue.
- •2. Read three given jists of the text and find one which corresponds to the contents best.
- •3. One of the greatest problems of all modern cities is the environment pollution. Read the text and tell which of the problems mentioned in the text are typical for the city you live in.
- •1. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •2. What environmental problems does air pollution cause? Fill in the table.
- •3. You are taking part in the conference on the environmental problems. Deliver a report on air pollution.
- •The ozone layer depletion
- •Страдательный залог (passive voice )
- •Organic chemistry
- •Chemical elements and compounds
- •Organic compounds
- •Substances and their transformations
- •Страдательный залог с модальными глаголами
- •Industrial Gases
- •An achievement of science: gas transformed into metal
- •Инфинитив (the infinitive)
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •Unit 4 units materials science and technology
- •Mechanical properties of materials
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Объектный инфинитивный оборот (the objective infinitive construction)
- •Measuring temperature
- •Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
- •(The subjective infinitive construction)
- •Ventilation : definition and necessity
- •Functional requirements of ventilationsystem
- •1. Air changes (or air movement) and rate of supply of fresh air
- •Systems of ventilation
- •Natural ventilation
- •Fig. 2.1. Movement of wind through buildings.
- •Ventilation due to stack effect
- •Fig. 2.4. Ventilation due to stack effect.
- •Ventilation due to both the effects
- •Meciianical (or artificial) ventilation
- •1. Extraction system (or exhaust system)
- •2. Plenum system (or supply system)
- •3. Extraction-Plenum system
- •4. Air conditioning
- •Air conditioning
- •Vocabulary
- •Герундий (gerund)
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16. Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18. Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (the participle)
- •§ 217. 1. Present Participle Active (причастие настоящего времени
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •I. Tasks before reading.
- •II. Listen to the students' discussion and name advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources
- •III. Complete the following dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.
- •II. Match the words with the opposite meaning.
- •III. Find in в the derivatives from the words in a.
- •I. What do we need energy for? Make a list of the uses of energy and compare it with that of your partner.
- •II. Translate the following compound nouns into Russian.
- •III. Scan the text to find answers to these questions.
- •Forms of energy
- •Varieties of energy (a)
- •The end of the universe (b)
- •Heat energy (c)
- •Participle II
- •Независимый причастный оборот (the absolute participle construction)
- •1. Express the same idea in a shorter way.
- •2. Join these sentences into one.
- •3. Provide more detailed information.
- •4. Expand the sentences.
- •5. Choose the right option.
- •6. Open the brackets and use Participles in the right form.
- •7. Correct mistakes.
- •Water supply
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •Unit 10
- •Operating systems
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Introduction to the www and the internet
- •Vocabulary:
- •Famous people of Science and Engineering. Bill gates
- •Unit 11
- •2. Chilled Water System
- •2.9. Essentials of air conditioning system
- •1. Filtration
- •2. Heating
- •3. Cooling
- •4. Humidification
- •5. Dehumidification
- •6. Air circulation or distribution
- •Unit 12 albert einstein
- •Time for fun
- •Unit 13 mstislav keldysh (1911-1978)
- •Industrial plastics: rigid and flexible foams
- •Unit 14
- •D.I. Mendeleyev — pride of russian science
- •Unit 15
- •Igor kurchatov (1903—1960)
- •Unit 16 our star —the sun
- •Список литературы
5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
1. An adequate supply of pure wholesome and palatable water...
a) ...is especially true of towns situated on large inland lakes or rivers, b) ...is essential for the maintenance of high standards of health, c) ...may be taken from any source of water, d) ...should be protected from contamination by filtration.
2. There are cities whose geographical location...
a) ...makes water pass through a very interesting cycle of treatment, b) ...requires elaborate systems of water supply.
c)...makes the problem of water supply very difficult.
d)...calls for modern systems of water treatment.
3. The earliest settlers took advantage of natural water sources by...
a) ...building water power stations on them, b) ...establishing their colonies near them, c) ...providing sufficient water supply for their needs, d) ...using water without much preliminary treatment.
4. Due to man's vast activities at the present time... a) ...various systems and methods of water treatment are required, b) ...water must be obtained in unlimited quantities, c) ...many inland lakes cannot be used as sources of water supply, d) ...splendid sources of water supply are drilled wells.
6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
Panel Heating |
Air conditioning, Ventilation, Gas supply |
Water supply |
|
|
|
To provide a required atmospheric environment within a space; to evaporate into atmosphere; to imply the control of temperature, humidity, purity and motion of the air in an enclosure; vast depressions; to produce a desired temperature for maintaining comfort, health or efficiency ; to provide a splendid source of water supply ; to provide means for performing all the processors required air conditioning; to prevent loss of heat; for domestic and sanitary purposes ; sewage disposal system; control of air purity in various degrees ; the transmission of energy; conduction and convection ; to require cooling and dehumidifying; central industrial process requirements and human comfort; boilers and a system of pipes connected to radiators; to undergo a preliminary treatment to assure purity; to carry away excess heat and odors; leakage of air; to circulate through distribution units embedded in the building construction; to disseminate from panels; a clean, convenient, economical source of heat.
7. Using information from the texts and this table compose a dialogue "Service engineers " for three persons. Discuss process of equipment of any new-built structure with all modern conveniences
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES (СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН)
1. Дополнительные придаточные предложения
Союзные местоимения и наречия как средства связи в дополнительных придаточных предложениях.
Дополнительные придаточные предложения {ДПП) могут вводиться союзами:
That-что, where- где, when-когда,
Why-почему, how- как,
А также с союзными местоимениями:
What- что, who- кто, whose-чей,
Which-какой, whom-кого.
В самих ДПП все эти союзные местоимения и наречия являются членами предложения (подлежащим, дополнениями, определениями и обстоятельствами):
• Do you know who wrote this book? (подлежащее)
- Ты знаешь, кто написал эту книгу?
• Show me what you have done, (дополнение)
- Покажите мне, что вы сделали.
• Do you know who(m)they are talking about?(дополнение)
- Ты знаешь, о ком они разговаривают?
• Can you tell me where you are going for your summer holidays?(обстоятельство места)
- Ты можешь мне сказать, куда ты поедешь на летние каникулы?
• Do you know why he's done it? (обстоятельство причины)
- Ты знаешь, почему он сделал это?
• Show me, which book you've reаd. (определение)
- Покажите мне, какую книгу вы прочитали.
• I don't know how he did it. (обстоятельство образа действия).
- Я не знаю, как он это сделал.
В русском языке слово что может быть и союзом, и союзным местоимением. Союзу что в английском языке соответствует слово that. Союзному местоимению, что соответствует слово what. В отличие от союза союзное местоимение является членом дополнительного придаточного предложения и стоит под ударением.
E.g. Tell him what you have done.
- Расскажите ему, что вы сделали.
Tell him that we have finished our work.
- Скажите ему, что мы уже закончили нашу работу.
Обратите внимание на то, что в ДПП, вводимых союзным словом when, может употребляться будущее время (в отличие от обстоятельственных придаточных предложений).
Сравните:
I'll tell you when he will come. (ДПП)
- Я скажу вам, когда он вернется.
I'll tell you everything when he comes, (обстоятельное придаточное предложение).
- Я расскажу вам все, когда он придет.
1.2. Порядок слов в ДПП
Порядок слов в ДПП такой же, как и в простых повествовательных предложениях (т.е. прямой):
Подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + обстоятельство
(могут отсутствовать)
Разница заключается лишь в том, что ДПП всегда начинается с союза, союзного местоимения или наречия с относящимися к нему словами:
E.g.: I don't know what (coюзнoе местоимение) he(подлежащее) is
- Я не знаю, что он сейчас делает.
I don't know who (союзное местоимение - подлежащее)
told (сказуемое)hiт about it.
- Я не знаю, кто сказал ему об этом.
Не says (that) (союз) they (подлежащее) went(сказуемое) to the theatre yesterday.
- Он говорит, что они ходили в театр вчера.
1.3. Согласование времён
Согласование времен - это зависимость времени глагола дополнительного придаточного предложения от времени действия главного предложения.
1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то время в придаточном предложении в английском языке аналогично времени в придаточном предложении в русском языке.
E.g. Do you know Where he studies?
Знаете ли вы, Где он учится?
Where he lived last year?
Где он жил в прошлом году?
What he will do in the evening?
Что он будет делать вечером?
2. Если глагол- сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то глагол-сказуемое в дополнительном придаточном предложение согласно правилу согласования времен, «делает шаг назад», т.е. употребляет в одном из прошедших времен.
При этом времени группы Future изменяются на времена группы Future-i( the-Past:
Should+ Would Infinitive (1,2 и 3 лицо)
E.g. 1) Past Indefinite -Future-in-the-Past
He said that he would come on Monday.
Future Continuous -Future-in-the-Past(Continuous).
She says that she will be working at 5.
She said that she would be working at 5.
Future-in-the-Past служит для выражения действия, которое представляется будущим по отношению к действию главного предложения, сказуемое которого стоит в одном из прошедших времен. Это время в основном употребляется в дополнительных придаточных предложениях при глаголе-сказуемом главного предложения в прошедшем времени.
Would come употреблено во времени Future-in-the-Past А вот как изменяются глаголы в других временах при согласовании времен:
1. Present Indefinite -Past Indefinite
She tells us that she is a student, (в настоящем времени)
She told us that she was a student, (в прошлом времени)
1. Present Continuous - Past Continuous
We know that she is working now. (в настоящем времени)
We knew that she was working now. (в прошедшем времени)
2. Present Perfect-Past Perfect
We know that Mr. Black has left for Cardiff, (в настоящем времени)
We knew that Mr. Black had left for Cardiff.(B прошедшем времени)
3. Present Perfect Continuous(Progressive)- Past Perfect Continuous(Progressive).
I wonder what you have been doing...(в настоящем времени)
I wondered what you had been doing...(в прошедшем времени)
5. Past Indefinite
Past Perfect - Past Perfect
I know where you were on Sunday.(B настоящем контексте)
I knew where you had been on Sunday, (в прошедшем контексте)
6. Past Continuous (Progressive) -Past Prefect Progressive
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive);
She says that she was translating the text at 5.(в настоящем контексте)
She said that she had been translating the text at 5. (в прошедшем контексте)
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences:
1. Please show me what_____.
2. He said that_________.
3. Can you tell me how______?
4. Please tell them that____.
5. Please tell us what______.
6. I don't want to tell you why_____.
7. I don't know whose______.
8. I don't know when_____.
9. I'll ring you up when____.
Exercise 2. That or what?
1. Do you know ____ they are talking about? 2. He said __ he would
come on Sunday. 3.1 feel ____ he is right. 4. Sorry! I didn't hear you said.
5. I feel ____ he's going to say. 6. He doesn't know ___ to do. 7. I've heard
____Peter is coming back to Moscow soon. 8. Can you tell us __you have
decided to do ? 9. Please tell him ____ I am leaving tomorrow afternoon. 10.
Please tell me ______ you think of it.
Exercise 3. Choose the right form of the verb given in brackets:
a. He said he (is staying, was staying) at the hotel "Moscow".
b. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark.
c. Не wondered where I (study, studied).
d. I thought that I (shall be, should be) free at that time.
e. The house was very quiet when I (get, got) home.
f. The policeman asked us where we (are going, were going).
g. Suddenly everybody realized why the traveller (ordered, had ordered) the waiter to take the oysters to the horse.
h. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room.
i. The secretary said she (is, was) busy.
j. She said she (will be, would be) ready at 5.
Exercise 4. Translate into English:
1. Я тоже не знал, что вы заняты.
2. Она сказала, что ей не понравилась квартира и она будет искать другую.
3. Джек сказал Элен, что он уезжает в Лондон.
4. Он спросил нас, сколько времени у нас обычно уходит на то, чтобы доехать до института.
5. Мой товарищ позвонил мне и сказал, что он болен.
6. Он сказал мне, что будет очень занят сегодня.
7. Он спросил нас, кто из нас умеет говорить по-немецки
