I Phonetics

1. Reading “there is”. Mind your intonation and stress.

Predicative factor – There is

Verbal models Structural models

There is + Subject+ Adv.M.

Model 1. There is a ↓desk in the room.

There is + not + Subject+ Adv.M.

Model 2. There is ↓not a desk in the room.

Model 3. There is `no ↓desk in the room.

There is + no + Subject+ Adv.M.

Model 4. `Is there a `desk in the ↑room?

~ ↓Yes, there ↓is.

Is there + Subject+ Adv.M.?

~ ↓No, there ↓isn`t.

Predicative factor – Whose

Model 5. Whose book is this?

~ It is my book.

Predicative factor – Which

Model 6. Which of the men is your husband?

~ The tall man with the bag.

II Grammar

1. Articles.

“a” and “an”

The indefinite article “a” or “an” is used with singular countable nouns to refer to a thing or an idea for the first time.

e.g. I have a cat and a dog.

There is a shop near the university.

I`m reading a good book.

The indefinite article is used:

1. with professions:

~ I`m a teacher.

But ~ He`s the Head of Department.

2. with some expressions of quantity:

• a pair of shoes;

• a couple of gloves;

• a little;

• a few;

• a hundred;

• a thousand;

• three times a day;

• forty miles an hour.

3. In exclamations with countable nouns as follows:

~ What a wonderful day!

~ What a pity!

“the”

The definite article “the” is used with singular and plural countable and uncountable nouns when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or the idea.

e.g. We have a cat. The cat is old.

I am going to the movie.

The book is by Agatha Christie.

The definite article is used:

1. before seas, rivers, hotels, pubs, theatres, museums, newspapers:

~ the Black Sea, the Dnieper River, the Toby, the Times,

2. if there is only one thing like that:

~ the sun, the moon, the Queen

3. with superlative adjectives:

~ the richest man in the world, the oldest person in the family

Note: We use “my, his, her, your etc.” with the parts of a body, personal belongings etc.

~ I washed my hair yesterday.

~ I saw his bag.

No article

There is no article in the following cases:

1. before uncountable and plural nouns when talking about things in general:

~ I like chocolate.

~ We need potatoes.

~ Milk is good for health.

2. before meals, magazines, stations, countries, towns, streets, languages, airports and separate mountains:

~ I have lunch with Sheila.

~ I bought Cosmopolitan at Pushkinskaya Station.

~ I live on Sumskaya Street.

~ I have been to Everest.

3. before some places and forms of transport:

at home, go to bed, go to work, to school, to university, be in bed, be at work, be at school, by bus, by plane, by car, on foot etc.

~ She goes to work by car.

~ I was at home yesterday evening.

4. in exclamations with uncountable nouns and plurals:

~ What beautiful weather!

~ What lovely music!

~ What lovely days!

2. Future “will”.

We use “will” with future action verb forms:

1. to make a future prediction. This can be a personal opinion.

~ It will rain tomorrow.

2. to talk about a future fact.

~ I will go to the Dean.

3. to express a future intention, often made at the moment of speaking.

~ I will go to the shop to buy sugar.

Grammar activity 2.1. Complete the second line of the dialogues.

Model 1. - I`ve got a terrible headache.

• - I will give you an aspirin.

1. – I haven`t got any sugar.

- I will …

2. - Mike and Sheila has got a baby.

- I will …

3. - What is Andy`s number?

- I will …

4. - I lost my dog 5 minutes ago.

- I will …

5. – What would you like to eat?

- I will …

6. – We have no bread.

- I will …

3. Future with “be going to”.

We use “be going to” to express a future intention, plan or decision that was thought over before the moment of speaking. We speak about a premeditated event.

e.g. ~ We have no cheese.

~ I am aware of it. I am going to buy some.

Situation: we are planning to have a party. People volunteer to buy something:

~ I will buy bread.

~ I will buy wine.

The partykeeper asks you:

~ What are you going to buy?

You answer:

~ I`ll buy orange juice.

Your friend says:

~ I am going to buy orange juice. (Your friend decided to buy juice before this conversation.)

4. Предлог “at”.

Предлог “at” обозначает нахождение вблизи другого предмета и переводится “у, в, около, за” или никак не переводится.

~ He is at the desk. Он сидит за письменным столом.

~ We stand at the counter. Мы стоим у прилавка.

~ They are at university Они в университете.

~ She is at home. Она дома.

5. Глагол “to have” в простом аспекте настоящего времени (Present Simple Tense).

to have - иметь, обладать

	I You We They			have	a pen.
	He She It			has	a pen.
	I You We They	do	not	have	a pen.
	He She It	does	not	have	a pen.
Do	I you we they			have	a son?	-Yes, I have. -No, I haven`t.
Does	he she it			have	a son?	-Yes, he has. -No, he hasn`t.

1) A negative form of “have” is build up by means of either “not” or “no”.

e.g. I don`t have a son.

I have no son.

2) In spoken language we often use “to have got” in a meaning of “to have”.

• I have got a notebook.

• He has got a laptop.

• I haven`t got a sweet.

• He hasn`t got a sweet.

• Have you got the book?

• Has he got a pencil?

• What have you got?

• What has he got?

Глагол “to have” и “to have got” в значении «иметь, обладать» не употребляются в Continuous Tense. Словосочетания “to have breakfast” (завтракать), “to have a lesson” (проводить урок, заниматься) и другие подобные словосочетания употребляются в Continuous Tense, поскольку “have” не имеет самостоятельного значения в этих выражениях.

• I am having lunch.

• I`m having a lesson.