- •English for the master’s programm
- •In finance Содержание
- •Unit 1 money and its functions
- •Match each of the word on the left with the correct
- •3. Which of the following are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •6. Translate the sentences into English:
- •7. Translate the text in writing: Careers in Finance
- •The function of financial markets
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •4. Translate the sentences into English:
- •Primary and Secondary Markets
- •Unit 3 regulation of the financial system
- •Internationalization of financial markets
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •Speak on:
- •4. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •5. Translate the text into English:
- •How bonds and common stocks are valued
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Translate the text into English:
- •Voting rights of shareholders
- •Preferred Stock
- •Common stock
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete sentences by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •Speak on:
- •5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •6. Translate the text into English:
- •Forward exchange contract
- •Fixed and option contracts
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Complete the text using these words:
- •4. Speak on:
- •5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •6. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 7 banking
- •Match the words with the definitions:
- •2. Complete the sentences using the words from the box:
- •3. Which of the following sentences are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •6. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •Islamic Banking
- •Unit 8 commercial and central banks
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct variants:
- •4. Complete the sentences by inserting the following words in the
- •5. Make the written translation of the text into Russian: micro credit
- •Insurance companies
- •Life Insurance Companies
- •Property and Casualty Insurance Companies
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Unit 10 pension funds
- •Annuities
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •3. Speak on:
- •4. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 11
- •Investment Funds
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •4. Make the written translation of the text into Russian:
- •5. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 12 taxation
- •Match each of the words with the correct explanation on the right:
- •2. Complete the sentences by inserting the words in the gaps:
- •3. Which of the following sentences are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Translate the sentences into English:
- •6. Render the text: концепция платежеспособности
- •Unit 14 classification of taxes
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents,
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct variants.
- •4. Complete the sentences by inserting the following words in the
- •5. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6. Render the text переложение налогового бремени
3. Translate the text into English:
Понятие долгового обязательства тесно связано с другим понятием - ценная бумага.
Под ценной бумагой подразумевают долговое обязательство, имеющее активный вторичный рынок. Он обеспечивает свободное перемещение финансовых активов в пользу наиболее эффективно функционирующих единиц бизнеса.
Большинство ценных бумаг должны пройти обязательную процедуру регистрации. Она требуется для того, чтобы предоставить инвесторам точную и существенную информацию в отношении открыто предлагаемых ценных бумаг. Посредством полного раскрытия информации инвесторы могут максимально точно оценить качество своих инвестиций.
Ценные бумаги можно подразделить на долговые ценные бумаги и на инвестиционные ценные бумаги.
Долговая ценная бумага воплощает в себе обязательство эмитента выплатить проценты и погасить основную сумму задолженности в соответствии с согласованным графиком.
Инвестиционная ценная бумага дает право владельцу на часть активов эмитента. Этот сертификат есть свидетельство о доле собственника в капитале фирмы.
К долговым ценным бумагам относятся все виды облигаций, векселей, закладных независимо от того, кто является их эмитентом и какова продолжительность существования этой ценной бумаги. К инвестиционным ценным бумагам принадлежат все виды акций всех без исключения типов эмитентов.
Долговые и инвестиционные ценные бумаги отражаются в различных частях баланса фирмы. Для эмитента долговых ценных бумаг это долгосрочные или краткосрочные займы, они заносятся в статью «пассивы». Для эмитента инвестиционных бумаг данная инвестиция помещается в разделе «собственный капитал».
UNIT 5
SHARES
Voting rights of shareholders
The common stockholders are the owners of the corporation. They therefore have a general preemptive right to anything of value that the company may wish to distribute. They also have the ultimate control of the company’s affairs. In practice this control is limited to a right to vote, either in person or by proxy, on appointments to the board of directors and a number of other matters. Mergers, for example, need to be submitted for shareholder approval.
If the corporation’s Articles specify a majority voting system, each director is voted upon separately and stockholders can cast one vote for each share that they own. If the articles permit cumulative voting, the directors are voted upon jointly and the stock holders can, if they want, allot all their votes to just one candidate.
Cumulative voting makes it easier for a minority group among the stockholders to elect directors representing the group's interests. That is why minority groups devote so much of their efforts to campaigning for cumulative voting.
On many issues a simple majority of votes cast are sufficient to carry the day, but the company charter will specify some decisions that require a supermajority of, say, 75 percent of those eligible to vote. For example, a supermajority vote is sometimes needed to approve a merger. This requirement makes it difficult for the firm to be taken over and therefore helps to protect the incumbent management.
Most companies issue just one class of common stock. Occasionally, however, a firm may have two classes outstanding, which differ in their right to vote and receive dividends. Suppose that a firm needs fresh equity capital but its present stockholders do not want to relinquish their control of the firm. The existing shares could be labeled class A, and class B shares issued to outside investors. The class B shares could have limited voting privileges, although they would probably sell for less as a result.
In doing so companies wanted to deter hostile takeover bids by concentrating voting power in A class of stock, which can be held in friendly hands. These companies feel they deserve protection against «corporate raiders» and «takeover pirates».
