- •English for the master’s programm
- •In finance Содержание
- •Unit 1 money and its functions
- •Match each of the word on the left with the correct
- •3. Which of the following are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •6. Translate the sentences into English:
- •7. Translate the text in writing: Careers in Finance
- •The function of financial markets
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •4. Translate the sentences into English:
- •Primary and Secondary Markets
- •Unit 3 regulation of the financial system
- •Internationalization of financial markets
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •Speak on:
- •4. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •5. Translate the text into English:
- •How bonds and common stocks are valued
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Translate the text into English:
- •Voting rights of shareholders
- •Preferred Stock
- •Common stock
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete sentences by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •Speak on:
- •5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •6. Translate the text into English:
- •Forward exchange contract
- •Fixed and option contracts
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Complete the text using these words:
- •4. Speak on:
- •5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •6. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 7 banking
- •Match the words with the definitions:
- •2. Complete the sentences using the words from the box:
- •3. Which of the following sentences are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •6. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •Islamic Banking
- •Unit 8 commercial and central banks
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct variants:
- •4. Complete the sentences by inserting the following words in the
- •5. Make the written translation of the text into Russian: micro credit
- •Insurance companies
- •Life Insurance Companies
- •Property and Casualty Insurance Companies
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Unit 10 pension funds
- •Annuities
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •3. Speak on:
- •4. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 11
- •Investment Funds
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •4. Make the written translation of the text into Russian:
- •5. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 12 taxation
- •Match each of the words with the correct explanation on the right:
- •2. Complete the sentences by inserting the words in the gaps:
- •3. Which of the following sentences are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Translate the sentences into English:
- •6. Render the text: концепция платежеспособности
- •Unit 14 classification of taxes
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents,
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct variants.
- •4. Complete the sentences by inserting the following words in the
- •5. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6. Render the text переложение налогового бремени
4. Speak on:
Forward exchange contracts.
Foreign currency options.
Financial futures and swaps.
Advantages and disadvantages of different methods of hedging.
The ways an international company tries to minimize its exchange risks.
5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
When looking at ordinary forward contracts we soon appreciate that a customer’s only option is the time of delivery and not the delivery itself. A forward contract is a firm and binding contract between the bank and its customer. Customers demand flexibility and for many years some bank customers complained that the ordinary forward contract usually meant that they lost money in the event of a close-out, due to their inability to comply with the terms of the forward contract. Further, they can see no reason why, when taking out a forward option contract, they should not be able to «walk away» from that option just as they can walk away from stock options. This feeling was extremely strong if their failure to comply with the terms of the forward option contract was due to a breakdown in the terms of the underlying commercial contract. Additionally, when honouring the terms of the contract, customers felt aggrieved if they were unable to take advantage of current movements in exchange rates, which might have been in their favour if a forward contract had not been in operation. The word «option» in this context was therefore something of a misnomer, in that it really meant that the delivery date, as far as the exchange of currencies was concerned, was variable as opposed to that which obtained on a fixed date contract.
In order to meet their customers’ needs for greater flexibility, banks have developed a contract during the 1980s which complies exactly with the customers’ wishes. In very simple terms, a foreign currency option is a means by which a customer can arrange with the bank to buy or sell a specific currency at a fixed price (the strike price) either at any time in a given period or on a fixed future date, should the customer so desire. The customer, therefore, has no obligation to fulfil the contract if the customer, who may be a buyer or seller, decides to exercise his option. The customer now has the opportunity to purchase a pure or true foreign currency option. What happens is that the customer will have to pay a premium, usually at the time when the contract is taken out, for the privilege of obtaining some form of foreign exchange cover. One could liken the premium to that which a person might pay to an insurance company to cover himself in the event of a serious accident taking place. The insured would only claim in the event of the accident actually happening and the foreign currency option concept is very similar
6. Translate the text into English:
Курсы большинства валют даются за два предыдущих торговых дня и представлены обычно двумя способами; как число долларов, необходимых для приобретения одной единицы иностранной валюты, и как число единиц иностранной валюты, необходимое для приобретения одного доллара США. Например, в среду, 29 января 2009 года, курс английского фунта стерлингов составлял 1,5380 доллара США за один фунт, или, что равносильно, 0,6502 фунта стерлингов за один доллар США.
Для большинства валют приводится только один курс — обменный курс по кассовым операциям. Он применим для торговых сделок, которые будут заключены в период не более 48 часов. Кроме того, для обширного числа иностранных валют приводятся также и обменные курсы по срочным операциям. Срочная сделка — это контракт между банком и его клиентом, по которому доллары будут обменены на нужную валюту в какой-либо определенный день в будущем по курсу, определенному сегодня.
Предположим, что 29 января 2009 года некая американская фирма заказывает английских кукол и медведей на миллион фунтов стерлингов. Контракт предусматривает оплату через 90 дней после получения заказа. Фирма-заказчик может сразу же купить английские фунты стерлингов по обменному курсу по кассовым сделкам, заплатив на 1 млн. фунтов стерлингов 1 538 000 долларов. Или эта фирма может предпочесть приобрести фунты в результате срочной операции. Это будет означать, что фирма подпишет с коммерческим банком контракт, в котором будет оговорено, что она заплатит 1519 500 долларов за тот же самый миллион фунтов стерлингов через 90 дней.
Разница в исчислении обменных курсов по кассовым операциям и обменных курсов по срочным операциям в любой выбранный момент времени отражает существующую разницу между рыночными нормами процента в сравниваемых странах. В нашем случае факт того, что обменный курс по срочным операциям для фунта стерлингов меньше обменного курса по кассовым операциям, отражает то обстоятельство, что в рассматриваемый период времени английские рыночные нормы процента в среднем выше американских в расчете по сопоставимым ценным бумагам. Поскольку английские нормы процента выше, в равенстве этих курсов заложено потенциальное преимущество: сегодня полученные фунты стерлингов возможно вложить в Лондоне по более высокой процентной ставке, спокойно ожидая, когда придет срочный платеж за кукол и медведей. Поэтому курс фунта стерлингов по срочным операциям должен быть пропорционально ниже, дабы компенсировать это преимущество. Американская фирма может также вложить свои денежные средства в Нью-Йорке по более низкой процентной ставке до того момента, когда состоится контракт.
