- •English for the master’s programm
- •In finance Содержание
- •Unit 1 money and its functions
- •Match each of the word on the left with the correct
- •3. Which of the following are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •6. Translate the sentences into English:
- •7. Translate the text in writing: Careers in Finance
- •The function of financial markets
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •4. Translate the sentences into English:
- •Primary and Secondary Markets
- •Unit 3 regulation of the financial system
- •Internationalization of financial markets
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •Speak on:
- •4. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •5. Translate the text into English:
- •How bonds and common stocks are valued
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Translate the text into English:
- •Voting rights of shareholders
- •Preferred Stock
- •Common stock
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete sentences by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •Speak on:
- •5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •6. Translate the text into English:
- •Forward exchange contract
- •Fixed and option contracts
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •3. Complete the text using these words:
- •4. Speak on:
- •5. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •6. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 7 banking
- •Match the words with the definitions:
- •2. Complete the sentences using the words from the box:
- •3. Which of the following sentences are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •6. Make written translation of the text into Russian:
- •Islamic Banking
- •Unit 8 commercial and central banks
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct variants:
- •4. Complete the sentences by inserting the following words in the
- •5. Make the written translation of the text into Russian: micro credit
- •Insurance companies
- •Life Insurance Companies
- •Property and Casualty Insurance Companies
- •Answer the questions:
- •Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Unit 10 pension funds
- •Annuities
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete the text by inserting the following words in the gaps:
- •3. Speak on:
- •4. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 11
- •Investment Funds
- •Answer the questions:
- •2. Match each of the words on the left with the correct explanation on the right:
- •4. Make the written translation of the text into Russian:
- •5. Translate the text into English:
- •Unit 12 taxation
- •Match each of the words with the correct explanation on the right:
- •2. Complete the sentences by inserting the words in the gaps:
- •3. Which of the following sentences are true or false?
- •4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:
- •5. Translate the sentences into English:
- •6. Render the text: концепция платежеспособности
- •Unit 14 classification of taxes
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents,
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct variants.
- •4. Complete the sentences by inserting the following words in the
- •5. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •6. Render the text переложение налогового бремени
5. Translate the text into English:
Поскольку большинство сбережений совершается семейными xозяйствами, а большинство инвестиций осуществляется фирмами, то необходим некий набор механизмов, осуществляющий перемещение потоков денежных фондов от первых ко вторым. Именно эти механизмы создаются благодаря функционированию финансовых рынков.
Финансовые рынки состоят из множества разнообразных «каналов», по которым денежные средства «перетекают» от собственников сбережений к заемщикам. Эти каналы можно подразделить на две основные группы.
К первой группе относятся так называемые каналы прямого финансирования, то есть такие каналы, по которым средства перемещаются непосредственно от собственников сбережений к заемщикам. Можно выделить две подгруппы способов прямого финансирования. Капитальным финансированием называется любое соглашение, по которому фирма получает денежные средства для осуществления инвестиций в обмен на предоставление права долевого участия в собственности на эту фирму. Наиболее известный пример — продажа корпорациями обыкновенных (простых) акций.
Еще одна подгруппа способов прямого финансирования - это финансирование путем получения займов (debt finance). К этой категории относится любое соглашение, согласно которому фирма получает денежные средства для осуществления инвестиций в обмен на обязательство выплатить эти средства в будущем с оговоренным процентом, причем права на долю собственности на фирму кредитор не получает. В этом случае широко известным примером является продажа облигаций, то есть, сертификатов, представляющих собой обязательства выплатить долг в течение определенного количества лет с процентом, причем сделать это в соответствии с заранее оговоренным графиком.
Вторая группа каналов финансового рынка — каналы так называемого косвенного финансирования. При косвенном финансировании средства, перемещающиеся от семейных хозяйств по направлению к фирмам, проходят через особые институты, к числу которых относятся, например, банки, взаимные фонды, а также страховые компании. Эти организации называются финансовыми посредниками.
UNIT 4
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
A financial instrument is a term used to describe the form in which a financial claim is documented. So a building society passbook, a cheque, a share certificate and a postal order are all financial instruments. Usually, however, the term is used to refer to those investments which can be traded on the money markets. The traders there do not transfer money in its physical form when a deal is made; they issue or transfer financial instruments instead and these document the amount due and the conditions attached to the deal.
The main financial instruments are deposits, bills, bonds and stock and shares or equities.
«Deposits» simply means deposits of money in bank accounts (both current and deposit accounts) and deposits with other financial intermediaries.
There are four classifications of bills:
Treasury bills, which are three-month IOUs issued by the government via the Bank of England to obtain money as short-term working capital. They are a form of loan. Every Friday the Bank of England on behalf of the Treasury offers a batch of Treasury bills to banks and specialized financial institutions called discount houses and invites tenders or offers for them. The tender prices offered will be less than the face value of the bill, because the bills do not pay interest and only the face value is payable by the government to the bill-holder at the end of the three month (or six month) period when the bill matures. The discount houses always bid for more bills than the government is offering; they guarantee, in fact, to take up the entire bill issue every week. Banks rarely tender for the bills direct, and instead buy them later from the discount houses.
Local authority bills are similarly bills issued by various local authorities to raise short-term working capital.
Commercial bills of exchange are either trade bills (a promise by one firm to pay another a stated sum of money on a certain date in the future) or bank bills. A bank bill is a commercial bill which has been guaranteed or accepted by a bank.
Eligible bills are commercial bills, accepted by a recognized bank, which the Bank of England will purchase for cash from discount houses in the money markets.
Bills are therefore short-term financial assets which can either be converted into cash at a very short notice through the mechanisms of the money markets or which will mature and become amounts of money receivable by the bill holder in the near future.
Bonds are longer-term financial instruments which usually have a fixed interest return (such as a fixed 9,1% per annum interest rate), regardless of changes in other market interest rates.
Shares provide long-term capital for companies. They provide a return to shareholders in the form of a dividend which is linked to the fortunes of the company. The value of the shares themselves may appreciate or depreciate in line with supply and demand on the stock exchange for the company’s shares, as you will be able to see by reading the financial pages of the quality newspapers. Preference shares earn a fixed rate of dividends (such as 8%) and ordinary shares do not.
