- •Introduction into biochemistry
- •General properties
- •Classification of proteins
- •Simple Proteins – representatives, properties and role
- •Globulins [g]
- •Histones (h) h are basic non value proteins. Localized in nucleus with mol. Mass (mm) 10000-20000 d. They contain of 30% diaminomonocarboxylic acids and have positive charge. Their iep is equal 10.
- •Table 1 “The properties of globular simple proteins”
- •Conjugated proteins
- •Table 2 Composition of the free (transport) lipoproteins in plasma of human
- •True gp Proteoglycans
- •Table 3 Chemical nature of glycosaminoglycans
- •Nucleoproteins (np)
- •Mononucleotides
- •Table 4 The composition and names of nucleosides, nucleotides and their phosphoric derivatives
- •Structure of dna Primary st. Of dna is a spirally one polynucleotides chain (pnc), the disposition of nucleotides in which determine all hereditary properties of organism.
- •Structure of rna
- •Enzymes
- •Mechanism of enzyme action
- •Factors influencing on enzyme activity
- •Enzyme inhibition
- •Classification of enzymes
- •III. Hydrolases
- •Bioenergetics
- •Table 6 Redox potential (rp)
- •Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
- •The types of oxidation
- •Peroxidase’s type
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamin b12
- •Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
- •Rutin, vitamin p (permeability) – bioflavonoids, capillaris’s strengthening
- •Fat soluble vitamins
- •Deficiency diseases
- •Vitamin k
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Intermediate and final stages of carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipids of food, their importance, digestion, absorption. Micelles and chylomicrons. The role of intestinal wall, liver, lungs and adipose tissue in lipid metabolism
- •Lipids metabolism. Lipoproteins, their composition and role. The pathways of usage of glycerol and free fatty acids in cells
- •“Pathologic chemistry of lipid’s metabolism”
- •The intermediate Metabolism of Simple Proteins (part 1): the conversion of amino acids in tissues. The formation and usage of Creatine. The decarboxylation of amino acids, the role of biogenic amines
- •Simple proteins metabolism. The pathways of formation and detoxification of ammonia
- •Conjugated proteins metabolism
- •Biochemistry of liver
- •Classification of hormones
- •General properties of hormones
- •Hormones of epiphysis Melatonin
- •Hypothalamic hormones
- •Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
- •Oxytocin
- •Hormones of hypophysis
- •Hormones of pancreas
- •Hormones of adrenal glands
- •Sexual hormones are formed in gonads.
- •Estrogens
- •If the pregnancy beginns so development of embryo occurs; if the pregnancy doesn’t occur so degeneration of yellow body proceeds and mensis beginns again Androgens
- •Biochemistry of blood plasma
- •Table 10 a main biochemical indices in the blood plasma (serum)
- •Functions and diagnostic importance of some fractions of proteins Table 11 Biologic and clinic importance of blood serum proteins
- •Blood clotting system
- •Blood dissolution system
- •Complement system
- •Inorganic constituents of blood plasma. Water-mineral metabolism. Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Acidosis and alkalosis Table 12 Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Water metabolism
- •Biochemistry of erythrocytes
- •Metabolism in erythrocytes
- •The physiological and pathological derivatives of hemoglobin and their spectra of taking up
- •Biochemistry of white blood cells
- •Biochemistry of kidneys
- •Normal and pathologic constituents of urine. Urine analysis – its clinical significance Composition of normal urine
- •Physical examination
- •I. Volume
- •The term polyuria implies an increased volume of urine
- •II. Colour
- •III. Specific Gravity
- •Clinical significance
- •IV. Acidity and pH
- •Clinical Significance
- •V. Odor
- •Causes of abnormal odor
- •VI. Turbidity
- •Types of turbidities
- •Inorganic constituents
- •Chlorides
- •Clinical significance
- •Organic constituents
- •Clinical significance
- •II. Ammonia
- •Clinical significance
- •Increase
- •Uric acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Clinical aspect
- •Creatinine and creatine
- •Oxalic Acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Aminoacids
- •Aminoacidurias
- •Proteins
- •Proteinuria
- •Abnormal constituents
Biochemistry of liver
Functions of liver (enumeration)
1 – regulatory-homeostatic
2 – structural
3 – energetical
4 – protective (antitoxic)
5 – secretory-excretory
Regulatory-homeostatic function
Liver takes part in regulation of level of numerous substances in blood. After absorption the concentration of absorbed products in portal vein is variable, but the level of these compounds in blood effluxed from liver is permanent (glucose, cholesterol etc), e.g. glucostatic function of liver (describe, please)
Antitoxic function of liver
The detoxification in liver may occur by 2 stages: 1st one are oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis; 2-nd one is conjugation.
The oxidation usually occurs in microsomes. This is microsomic oxidation (enzymes are cytochromes b5, P450). There is a peroxisomic oxidation (enzymes are oxydases). During 1-st stage some functional groups arrear – OH, NH2, COOH. These groups serves for conjugation with glucuronic acid (e.g. formation of direct bilirubin).
The synthesis of urea is appearance of antitoxic function of liver too because this process is detoxification of ammonia
Secretory-excretory function of liver
The bile is secreted permanently (500-700ml/day). Hepatic bile enters the gall bladder and it is concentrated due to the removal of water and electrolytes. Gall bladder’s bile enters the small intestine. But hepatic bile may enter the small intestine at once.
The secretory-filtratory theory of formation of bile:
Water, cholesterol, bile acids, bile pigments and phospholipids enter from hepatocytes and extracellular space into biliary cappilaries. This is primary bile. It contacts with blood and saturated by plasma blodd cations, anions, albumins, creatine etc. This is hepatic bile. It enters the gall bladder and concentrated there due to the removal of water and electrolytes. Albumins are absent in gall bladder bile. Here are mainly mucins.
The composition and properties of bile
Hepatic bile: gold-yellow color, gravity is 1.010, pH is 6.8; water – 97.4%, dry part – 2.6%; bile acids – 0.6%; bile pigments – 0.5%; proteins – 2%; lipids – 0.3%; cholesterol – 0.06%; inorganic compounds – 0.84%
Gall bladder bile: green-brown color, gravity is 1.026-1.050; pH is 7.5; water – 86.6%; dry part is 13.4%; bile acids – 7%; bile pigments – 3%; proteins4.5%; lipids – 1.9%; cholesterol – 0.26%; inorganic compounds- 0.65%
The role of bile:
bile acids participate in digestion and absorption of lipids (they activate pancreatic lipase and form micelles)
excretory role – the liver eliminate waterinsoluble compounds
bile neutralizes acidic products from gaster
protective role – proteins of bile bind pepsin and other proteases of gastric juice
bile acids and phospholipids promote the solubilization of cholesterol in bile. Their lack results in bile stones formation
HORMONES
(REGULATION OF METABOLISM)
Neuro-gliale through receptors with very big velocity (rate). Molecular base – the change of cons and mediators concentration into and out side of neurons.
Change of enzymatic activity.
Special separation of different biochemical processes: in mitochondria – CAC, respiratory chain, oxidation; in nucleus – enzymes of replication and transcription. Different processes in different organelle bond each other through metabolites.
Neuroendocrinic regulation through hormones.
Hormones – compounds, which are formed in glands, are secreted in the blood, and they regulate metabolism (see scheme neurohumoral regulation). Due to this regulation 200 kinds of different cells, 75 trillion of cells in organism act as united system. The name “hormone” was offered by Beilis and Starling, from hormao – excite.