- •Introduction into biochemistry
- •General properties
- •Classification of proteins
- •Simple Proteins – representatives, properties and role
- •Globulins [g]
- •Histones (h) h are basic non value proteins. Localized in nucleus with mol. Mass (mm) 10000-20000 d. They contain of 30% diaminomonocarboxylic acids and have positive charge. Their iep is equal 10.
- •Table 1 “The properties of globular simple proteins”
- •Conjugated proteins
- •Table 2 Composition of the free (transport) lipoproteins in plasma of human
- •True gp Proteoglycans
- •Table 3 Chemical nature of glycosaminoglycans
- •Nucleoproteins (np)
- •Mononucleotides
- •Table 4 The composition and names of nucleosides, nucleotides and their phosphoric derivatives
- •Structure of dna Primary st. Of dna is a spirally one polynucleotides chain (pnc), the disposition of nucleotides in which determine all hereditary properties of organism.
- •Structure of rna
- •Enzymes
- •Mechanism of enzyme action
- •Factors influencing on enzyme activity
- •Enzyme inhibition
- •Classification of enzymes
- •III. Hydrolases
- •Bioenergetics
- •Table 6 Redox potential (rp)
- •Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
- •The types of oxidation
- •Peroxidase’s type
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamin b12
- •Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
- •Rutin, vitamin p (permeability) – bioflavonoids, capillaris’s strengthening
- •Fat soluble vitamins
- •Deficiency diseases
- •Vitamin k
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates
- •Carbohydrates metabolism. Intermediate and final stages of carbohydrates metabolism
- •Lipids of food, their importance, digestion, absorption. Micelles and chylomicrons. The role of intestinal wall, liver, lungs and adipose tissue in lipid metabolism
- •Lipids metabolism. Lipoproteins, their composition and role. The pathways of usage of glycerol and free fatty acids in cells
- •“Pathologic chemistry of lipid’s metabolism”
- •The intermediate Metabolism of Simple Proteins (part 1): the conversion of amino acids in tissues. The formation and usage of Creatine. The decarboxylation of amino acids, the role of biogenic amines
- •Simple proteins metabolism. The pathways of formation and detoxification of ammonia
- •Conjugated proteins metabolism
- •Biochemistry of liver
- •Classification of hormones
- •General properties of hormones
- •Hormones of epiphysis Melatonin
- •Hypothalamic hormones
- •Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
- •Oxytocin
- •Hormones of hypophysis
- •Hormones of pancreas
- •Hormones of adrenal glands
- •Sexual hormones are formed in gonads.
- •Estrogens
- •If the pregnancy beginns so development of embryo occurs; if the pregnancy doesn’t occur so degeneration of yellow body proceeds and mensis beginns again Androgens
- •Biochemistry of blood plasma
- •Table 10 a main biochemical indices in the blood plasma (serum)
- •Functions and diagnostic importance of some fractions of proteins Table 11 Biologic and clinic importance of blood serum proteins
- •Blood clotting system
- •Blood dissolution system
- •Complement system
- •Inorganic constituents of blood plasma. Water-mineral metabolism. Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Acidosis and alkalosis Table 12 Acidosis and alkalosis
- •Water metabolism
- •Biochemistry of erythrocytes
- •Metabolism in erythrocytes
- •The physiological and pathological derivatives of hemoglobin and their spectra of taking up
- •Biochemistry of white blood cells
- •Biochemistry of kidneys
- •Normal and pathologic constituents of urine. Urine analysis – its clinical significance Composition of normal urine
- •Physical examination
- •I. Volume
- •The term polyuria implies an increased volume of urine
- •II. Colour
- •III. Specific Gravity
- •Clinical significance
- •IV. Acidity and pH
- •Clinical Significance
- •V. Odor
- •Causes of abnormal odor
- •VI. Turbidity
- •Types of turbidities
- •Inorganic constituents
- •Chlorides
- •Clinical significance
- •Organic constituents
- •Clinical significance
- •II. Ammonia
- •Clinical significance
- •Increase
- •Uric acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Clinical aspect
- •Creatinine and creatine
- •Oxalic Acid
- •Clinical significance
- •Aminoacids
- •Aminoacidurias
- •Proteins
- •Proteinuria
- •Abnormal constituents
Sexual hormones are formed in gonads.
The specific action of sexual hormones:
they determine sexual differentiation of embryo
they promote secondary sexual features
they stimulate growth and development of sexual organs
they determine the character of fat deposition
they promote specific sexual behavior and functional activity of reproductive system
The total physiologic action:
They act on 2-nd mechanism and promote synthesis of adenylylcyclase. Hence, synthesis of proteins, glycogenogenolysis and lipolysis are increased. Increased synthesis of proteins leads to increase of muscular tissue and body weight. Therefore these hormones are used as anabolic medicines. Sexual hormones regulate proportional development of skeleton, inhibiting thymus (thymus increases bones in length).
Acceleration is phenomenon of a lack of sexual hormones.
Target-cells: all cells of the body
Estrogens
The chemical nature: these are derivatives of cholesterol and:
there are 3 double bonds in A-ring
estrone has 1 OH-group (in C3); estradiol has 2 OH-groups in C3 and C17; estriol has 3 OH-groups in C3, C16 and C17
The physiologic action: despite total physiologic action estrogens exert specific influence on female body:
they promote formation and function of female genitals
they evoke increase of uterus due to growth of stroma of myometrium and endometrium
they enhance growth of salpinx, vagina, mammary glands
they take part in regulation of function of mammary glands
they regulate mensis with follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and progestrone: first days after mensis the level of FSH is increased. It results in maturation of follicles. Follicles produce estradiol and proliferation of endometrium occurs. In the middle of menstrual cycle LH is increased. Under influence of LH the final maturation of follicles occurs and then ovulation proceeds. After ovulation follicle is converted to yellow body. After formation of yellow body the estrogens secretion stops and secretion of progesterone beginns.
The chemical nature of progestrone this hormone has double bond between C4 and C5 like glucocorticoids and ketogroup in C3. Therefore it possesses weak action of glucocorticoids
The mechanism of action: 2-nd one. This hormone may be formed in placenta, gonads, adrenal cortex. But only progestrone of yellow body exits in blood.
The physiologic action: this is “hormone of pregnancy” because it prepares uterus for implantation of embryo and promotes the formation of placenta, growth of mammary glands, deminishes irritability of muscles of uterus, increase of excretion of potassium and retards sodium and chlorine in blood, hampers ovulation.
If the pregnancy beginns so development of embryo occurs; if the pregnancy doesn’t occur so degeneration of yellow body proceeds and mensis beginns again Androgens
The main androgen is testostrone.
The chemical nature: this is a derivative of cholesterol and it has a double bond between C4 and C5; ketogroup in C3 and OH-group in in C17.
The physiologic action:
promotes the development of secondary sexual features
promotes the sexual differentiation of embryo
influences on growth of hairs on pubis, axillary area and corpus, but doesn’t influence on growth of hairs on the head
stimulates formation of spermatozoas
promotes male behavior
increases muscular mass
stimulates erythropoesis
possesses weak action of mineralocorticoids