9. Arrange the following words into your own sentences:

1. electronic, begin, are converted, telecommunications, with, signals, into, messages, that.

2. a, of, transmit, are, ways, decode, signals, there, create, and, to, variety.

3. original, and, telecommunications, were, wires, for, cables, medium, the.

4. very, capacity, has grown, digital, the, rapidly, networks, of.

5. wires, information, can, many, cables, copper, carry, than, fibre-optic, times, more.

6. companies, are used, transmit, great, television, to, satellites, by, distance, signals, across, communications.

10. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given below:

by, between, with, on, for, between, to, into, across, on, from, over, through

1. Telecommunications enables people to send and receive personal messages … town, … countries, and to and … outer space.

2. Wireless telecommunications use radio waves, sent … space from one … antenna another, as the medium …communication.

3. Most personal computers communicate … each other and with larger networks, such as the Internet, … using the ordinary telephone network.

4. Wire-based telecommunications provides the initial link … most telephones and the telephone network.

5. When a signal reaches its destination, … the device the receiving end converts the electronic signal back … an understandable message, such as sound … a telephone, moving images on a television, or words and pictures … a computer screen.

11. Speak on:

• the telecommunications definition;

• the telecommunications networks;

• the telecommunications media;

• the types of telecommunications;

• modern advances in telecommunications.

ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

What is Economics

One of the things that young people discover as they grow older is that you can't have everything. You are reminded of it every time you go shopping. Although there are a lot of goods on sale you have to limit your selection to one or two. Everyone goes through life having to make choices.

Every business, every government must pick up and choose from among the things they would like to have because they can't have everything. Every year the most important political debates focus on questions about spending taxpayers' money. Neither individuals, nor societies can have all the things they would like to have.

Economic issues have occupied people's minds throughout the ages. Economists notice that there is no restriction to the amount or kinds of things people wish to purchase. But still there is a limit to the resources used to produce goods and services available to satisfy people's wishes and needs. In other words when a nation's resources are completely employed, the only way to increase the production of one thing will be reducing production of something else.

In the process of making choices people, governments will try to economize, to get the most from what they have. Taking this fact into account we can define economics as the social science that reveals and analyses how society chooses from among scarce resources to satisfy its needs. In other words economics is the science that deals with production, distribution and consumption of commodities, while economy is a careful or thrifty use or management of resources, such as income, materials or labour.

Why should we study economics? There are several very good reasons, all of which involve us. Some of them have to do with us as individuals, some with us as earners or as spenders, some with us as citizens and finally as future economists. As members of the society we live in, there is no escaping economics. The food we eat, the dwelling we live in, the clothes we wear and the way we spend our leisure time are all affected by economic forces. Economic forces also influence decisions in the world of business. In fact one common definition of economics is "the study of how people make living". The more you get informed of the subject, the better career decisions you'll be able to make.

Economics will also be helpful in performing your responsibilities as a citizen in a democracy. As a voter you'll be asked to express your opinion on many subjects involving economic issues. The study of economics will help us to deal with such subjects intelligently.

We have seen that economics deals with the problems of scarcity and choice faced by societies and nations throughout history, but the development of modern economics began in the 17th century. Since that time economists have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, businesses and nations use their available economic resources. Large corporations use economists to study the ways they manage businesses and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories and other resources. Governments also employ economists to study economic problems as well as way to solve them.

Economics is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.

Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.

The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. Because, according to Keynes, inadequate aggregate demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.

Notes:

there is no escaping economics – от экономики никуда не спрячешься

dwelling – жилище, дом

cure - лечение

resources are completely employed – ресурсы задействованы полностью