20. What is pathos? Give your examples of pathos in literary works.

Paphos - rhetorical category , corresponding to style , manner or way of expressing feelings, which are characterized by emotional elevation , enthusiasm.

Category was first fully developed by Aristotle, who along with pathos singled elements such rhetoric as the ethos and logos . In the interpretation of Aristotle, pathos is a technique in which the aesthetics of narrative is transmitted through the tragedy of the hero, his suffering and emotions of the audience response . Using pathos , author or speaker should cause the desired audience feelings , while not opening until the end of their own ..

In a later submission , in the works of Hegel's concept of pathos expanded , including not only tragic , but a solemn and sublime aesthetics. Isolated heroic pathos , tragic , romantic, sentimental and satirical . To pathos authors have traditionally resorted odes, epics , tragedies. Modern use of this word implies a certain bombast and artificiality feelings transmission is not always sincere emotions to influence the audience.

Heroic pathos - reflects the greatness of a man to perform the feat in common cause . Examples: ancient Greek myths are images of heroes , or as they are called in Greece , heroes committing unprecedented feats for the benefit of its people. This Hercules with his twelve labors or Perseus , who cut off the head of the Gorgon Medusa . In the "Iliad" of Homer - Achilles, Patroclus , Hector , who became famous in the battles of Troy. In later works of folklore - historical songs , epics , heroic tales , epics , stories of military - in the center stands the mighty , fair hero - warrior defending his people from foreign invaders.

21. What is conception of ‘idea’ at literary work?Give your examples.

The idea is an attitude to represented, the main thought, basic pathos of a literary work, the category expressing an author's tendency in artistic representation of the given theme. Art is not a mirror, but «a magic lantern», shining the image of life through the author‘s attitude. The writer estimates, comprehends, correlates the represented ideas in a literary work to a certain ideal, he gives his understanding of reality. It is necessary to distinguish idea, in a literary work and in the scientific treatise.

In epics ideas may be partly formulated in the text, as in the story of Tolstoy : "No greatness where there is no simplicity , goodness and truth ." Often, especially in the lyrics , the idea permeates the product structure and therefore requires a lot of analytical work . Artwork as a whole richer sound ideas that usually isolate critics . Many lyrical works allocation ideas untenable because it practically dissolves into pathos . Consequently, the idea should not be reduced to the conclusion lesson and look for it certainly.

22. What is the source of author’s creativity? Give your examples.

Author invariably expresses his attitude to the position settings, the value orientation of the character. The image of the character appears as the embodiment of literary concepts, ideas, ie as an entity within another, larger, strictly artistic integrity. It depends on the integrity of this, we can say, at the behest of her website serves. If there is any serious exploration of character work sphere reader inevitably penetrates into the spiritual world of the author: in the image of the hero sees the creative will of the writer.