3. Post-reading
Source • learners’ reaction to the text, their changed views on the topic, their newly acquired knowledge, etc.
Goals • to enable learners to consolidate or reflect upon what they have read
• to relate the content of the text to learners' own knowledge, experience, interests, views.
In devising post-reading activities, ask yourself questions such as “Do my learners know of a similar situation to that presented in the text?” “Does the text present a situation that invites the learner to make recommendations?” “Does the text present a situation that requires completion?” “Does the text present views that my learners might wish to counter-balance?” “Does the text contain information that my learners might now wish to apply?” Post-reading activities most commonly bring other skills into play – writing/listening/speaking.
Exercises
Solving a problem with the aid of information from the text.
Expressing a personal view on the topic.
A debate/class discussion on the topic.
Writing that responds to the views expressed in the text (e.g. a letter to the newspaper/government/United Nations).
Personalizing the topic, e.g. in the form of a diary entry.
Приложение 6 Mathematical symbols and expressions
-
+
addition, plus, positive - знак сложения или положительной величины
–
subtraction, minus, negative - знак вычитания или отрицательной величины
plus or minus (minus or plus) - плюс минус или минус плюс
или
multiplication sign, multiplied by - знак умножения, умноженный на …
или /
division, divided by - знак деления, деленный на…
a/b
a divided by b - a деленное на b
:
divided by, ratio sign - деленное; знак отношения
::
equals; as - знак пропорции
<
less than - менее
not less than - не менее
>
greater than - более
not greater than - не более
approximately equal -приблизительно равно
∽
similar to - подобный
=
equals - равно
,
not equal to - не равно
=
approaches - достигает значения
∼
difference - разность
infinity - бесконечность
Therefore - следовательно
since, because - так как
square root - квадратный корень
cube root - кубический корень
nth root - корень n-й степени
equal to or less than - меньше или равно
equal to or greater than - больше или равно
an
the nth power of a - a в n-й степени
a1
a sub 1 - a первое
an
a sub n - a n-е
angle - угол
perpendicular to - перпендикулярно к
||
parallel to - параллельно
или
common logarithm, or Briggsian logarithm - десятичный логарифм
или
natural logarithm, or hyperbolic logarithm, or Naperian logarithm - натуральный логарифм
e base
(2.718) of natural systems of logarithms - основание натуральных логарифмов.
sin
sine - синус (sin)
cos
cosine - косинус (cos)
tan
tangent - тангенс (tg)
ctn или cot
Cotangent - котангенс (ctg)
sec
secant - секанс (sec)
csc
cosecant - косеканс (cosec)
vers
versine, versed sine - синус-верзус
covers
coversine, coversed sine - косинус-верзус
sin-1
antisine - арксинус (arcsin)
cos-1
Anticosine - арккосинус (arccos)
sinh
hyperbolic sine - синус гиперболический (sh)
cosh
hyperbolic cosine - косинус гиперболический (ch)
tanh
hyperbolic tangent - тангенс гиперболический (th)
f(x) или (x)
function of x - функция от x
increment of x - приращение x
summation of - знак суммирования
integral of - интеграл от
integral between the limits a and b - интеграл в пределах от a до b
или
circle, circumference – круг; окружность
(), [], {}
parentheses, brackets, and braces - круглые, квадратные и фигурные скобки
length of line from A to B - длина отрезка AB
micron = 0.001mm - микрон (10-3 )
m
millimicron = 0.001 -миллимикрон (10-7 с )
degree - градус
Minute - минута
second - секунда
#
1. № (номер), если знак предшествует числу; 2. англ. фунт, если знак поставлен после числа
centre line центральная линия, линия центров
1st
first - первый
2nd
second - второй
3rd
third - третий
4th
fourth - четвертый (все однозначные порядковые от 4 до 9 имеют окончание th)
5
1. пять футов; 2. угол в 5 ин.
9
1. девять дюймов; 2. угол в 9 сек.
.5
(англичане и американцы иногда не пишут нуль целых)
1.5
(англичане и американцы отделяют знаки десятичных дробей не запятой, а точкой, ставя ее вверху, в середине или внизу строки)
7,568
=7568; 1,000,000 = 106 (англичане и американцы в многозначных числах отделяют каждые три цифры запятой)
=00000103 = 0,00000103 (англичане и американцы иногда записывают таким образом для краткости малые дроби, впрочем, в большинстве случаев они пользуются общепринятой записью 103
10-52/0, 3/0
и т.д. означают номера размеров проводов 00, 000 и т.д., согласно британскому стандартному калибру проводов (SWG)
Приложение 7
Reading mathematical expressions
a+b a plus b
a-b a minus b
a
b a
multiplied by b
a
b
a
divided by b
a
over b,
or a
divided by b
a=b a equals b, or a is equal to b
m ab m divided by a multiplied by b
The
square root of ax
a4 a fourth, a fourth power, or a exponent 4
an a nth, a nth power, or a exponent n
The
nth
root of b
(a+b)2 = a2+2ab+b2 The square of the sum of two numbers is equal to the square of the first number, plus twice the product of the first and second, plus the square of the second
(a-b)2 = a2-2ab+b2 The square of the difference of two numbers is equal to the square of the first number minus twice the product of the first and second, plus the square of the second
Increment of x
Summation of…
dx Differential of x
dy/dx Derivative of y with respect to x
d2y/dx2 Second derivative of y with respect to x
dny/dxn nth derivative of y with respect to x
dy/dx Partial derivative of y with respect to x
nth
partial derivative of y
with respect to x
Integral of …
Integral between the limits a and b
The
fifth root of d
to the nth
power
The
square root of a
plus b
over a
minus b
a3=logcd a cubed is equal to the logarithm of d to the base c
The
integral of f
of S
and
of S,
with respect to S
from
to t
The
second derivative of y
with respect to s,
plus y
times the quantity l
plus b
of s,
is equal to zero.
X
sub a
minus b
is equal to e
to the power t
times l.
f(z) = Kab f of z is equal to K sub ab
The
second partial (derivative) of u
with respect to t
is equal to zero.
a plus b over a minus b is equal to c plus d over c minus d
a cubed is equal to the logarithm of d to the base c.
a) of z is equal to b, square brackets, parenthesis, z divided by c sub m plus 2, close parenthesis, to the power m over m minus 1, minus 1, close square brackets;
b) of z is equal to b multiplied by the whole quantity: the quantity two plus z over c sub m , to the power m over m minus 1, minus 1.
the
absolute value of the quantity
sub j
of t
one, minus
sub j
of t
two, is less than or equal to the absolute value of the quantity M
of t
one
minus
over j,
minus M
of t
two minus
over j.
k is equal to the maximum over j of the sum from i equals one to i equals n of the modulus of a sub i, j of t, where t lies in the closed interval a b and where j runs from one to n.
the limit as n becomes infinite of the integral of f of s and sub n of s plus delta n of s, with respect to s, from to t, is equal to the integral of f of s and of s, with respect to s, from to t.
sub n
minus r
sub s
plus 1 of t
is equal to p
sub n
minus r
sub s
plus 1, times e
to the power t
times
sub
q
plus s.
L sub n adjoint of g is equal to minus 1 to the n, times the n-th derivative of a sub zero conjugate times g, plus, minus one to the n minus 1, times the n minus first derivative of a sub one conjugate times g, plus … plus a sub n conjugate times g.
the partial derivative of F of lambda sub i of t and t, with respect to lambda, multiplied by lambda sub i prime of t, plus the partial derivative of F with arguments lambda sub i of t and t, with respect to t, is equal to 0.
the second derivative of y with respect to s, plus y, times the quantity 1 plus b of s, is equal to zero.
f of z is equal to phi sub mk hat, plus big O of one over the absolute value of z, as absolute z becomes infinite, with the argument of z equal to gamma.
D sub n minus 1 prime of x is equal to the product from s equal to zero to n of, parenthesis, 1 minus x sub s squared, close parenthesis, to the power epsilon minus 1.
K of t and x is equal to one over two pi i, times the integral of K of t and z, over omega minus omega of x, with respect to omega along curve of the modulus of omega minus one half, is equal to rho.
the second partial (derivative) of u with respect to t, plus a to the fourth power, times the Laplacian of the Laplacian of u, is equal to zero, where a is positive.
D sub k of x is equal to one over two pi i, times integral from c minus i infinity to c plus i infinity of dzeta to the k of omega, x to the omega divided by omega, with respect to omega, where c is grater than one.
Приложение 8
The pronunciation of chemical words,
formulae and equations
The modern trends are:
1. The accenting of names of chemical substances on the final syllable is not recommended where the accent is not emphatic (such as the names amine [´æmaɪn], sulphide [´sʌlfaɪd], amidin [´æmɪdɪn]).
2. The general trend of the accent in the English language is now to be away from the end and toward the beginning of the word.
3. The ending –ide should be pronounced as [aɪd] (bromide [´broumaɪd], chloride [´klɔ:raɪd], oxide [´ɔksaɪd] ).
4. For chemical names ending in –ine, the tendency is now to pronounce [i:n] (chlorine [´klɔ:ri:n], iodine [´aɪədi:n]).
This conflicts in sound with the pronunciation of the ending –ene but this is only with a few words, as benzine and benzene [´benzi:n], fluorine and fluorene [´fluəri:n], glycerinе [ɡlɪsə´ri:n].
5. The ending –yl should be pronounced [ɪl] (methyl [´meθɪl]).
6. The ending –ile should be pronounced [ɪl] (nitrile [´naɪtrɪl]).
7. Adjectives ending in –ic should be accented on the next to the last syllable, as glyceric [ɡlɪ´serɪk].
8. Words ending in –valent [´veɪlənt] should be pronounced as trivalent [´traɪˌveɪlənt], monovalent [´mɔnouˌveɪlənt], divalent [´daɪˌveɪlənt] or bivalent [´baɪˌveɪlənt].