4. Translate from Russian into English.

Продовольственная безопасность — ситуация, при которой все люди в каждый момент времени имеют физический и экономический доступ к достаточной в количественном отношении безопасной пище необходимой для ведения активной и здоровой жизни. Продовольственная безопасность является одной из главных целей аграрной и экономической политики государства. В своём общем виде она формирует вектор движения любой национальной продовольственной системы к идеальному состоянию. В этом смысле стремление к продовольственной безопасности — непрерывный процесс. При этом для ее достижения зачастую происходит смена приоритетов развития и механизмов реализации аграрной политики. Определения продовольственной безопасности содержат указания на следующие элементы: физическая доступность достаточной в количественном отношении, безопасной и питательной пищи; экономическая доступность к продовольствию должного объема и качества всех социальных групп населения; автономность и экономическая самостоятельность национальной продовольственной системы (продовольственная независимость); надежность, то есть способность национальной продовольственной системы минимизировать влияние сезонных, погодных и иных колебаний на снабжение продовольствием населения всех регионов страны; устойчивость, означающая, что национальная продовольственная система развивается в режиме расширенного воспроизводства.

5. Express the main idea of the text in two-three sentences. Text 2. Regulatory agencies

1. Master the active vocabulary.

to halt – 1. останавливаться, делать привал; 2. останавливать, задерживать; 3. колебаться,быть в нерешительности; 4. ошибаться, запинаться, путаться

pest infestation – заражение сельхоз вредителями

catering – кейтеринг, ресторанное обслуживание (банкетов, свадеб, мероприятий)

intolerance – 1. нетерпимость; 2. непереносимость; аллергия

to consolidate – 1. объединять; 2. делать твёрдым; 3. твердеть, застывать

incentive – 1. побуждение, стимул; 2. побудительный, стимулирующий; 3. поощрительный

ultimate – 1. последний, конечный; завершающий, окончательный; 2. максимальный, предельный, крайний; 3. самый отдалённый; 4. первичный, первоначальный, исходный, основной

feasibility – осуществимость, выполнимость

sustainable – устойчивый, жизнеспособный

to err – 1. заблуждаться, ошибаться, допускать ошибку; 2. сбиваться с пути, отступать

obliged – 1. вынужденный, принуждённый; 2. благодарный, признательный

to amend – 1. исправлять, совершенствовать, улучшать; 2. вносить изменения

cantonment – 1.размещение по квартирам, расквартирование;2. казармы, военный городок

discretion – 1. отделение, разделение; разъединение; разграничение; 2. свобода действий, свободный выбор; 3. проницательность; прозорливость; осторожность, осмотрительность; благоразумие.

Australia

Australian Food Authority is working toward ensuring that all food businesses implement food safety systems to ensure food is safe to consume in a bid to halt the increasing incidence of food poisoning, this includes basic food safety training for at least one person in each business. Smart business operators know that basic food safety training improves the bottom line, staff take more pride in their work; there is less waste; and customers can have more confidence in the food they consume. Food Safety training in units of competence from a relevant training package must be delivered by a Registered Training Organization (RTO) to enable staff to be issued with a nationally-recognized unit of competency code on their certificate. Generally this training can be completed in less than one day. Training options are available to suit the needs of everyone. Training may be carried out in-house for a group, in a public class, via correspondence or online. Basic food safety training includes:

• Understanding the hazards associated with the main types of food and the conditions to prevent the growth of bacteria which can cause food poisoning

• The problems associated with product packaging such as leaks in vacuum packs, damage to packaging or pest infestation, as well as problems and diseases spread by pests.

• Safe food handling. This includes safe procedures for each process such as receiving, re-packing, food storage, preparation and cooking, cooling and re-heating, displaying products, handling products when serving customers, packaging, cleaning and sanitizing, pest control, transport and delivery. Also the causes of cross contamination.

• Catering for customers who are particularly at risk of food-borne illness, including allergies and intolerance.

• Correct cleaning and sanitizing procedures, cleaning products and their correct use, and the storage of cleaning items such as brushes, mops and cloths.

• Personal hygiene, hand washing, illness, and protective clothing.

People responsible for serving unsafe food can be liable for heavy fines under this new legislation, consumers are pleased that industry will be forced to take food safety seriously.

China

Food safety is a growing concern in Chinese agriculture. The Chinese government oversees agricultural production as well as the manufacture of food packaging, containers, chemical additives, drug production, and business regulation. In recent years, the Chinese government attempted to consolidate food regulation with the creation of the State Food and Drug Administration in 2003, and officials have also been under increasing public and international pressure to solve food safety problems. However, it appears that regulations are not well known by the trade. Labels used for "green" food, "organic" food and "pollution-free" food are not well recognized by traders and many are unclear about their meaning. A survey by the World Bank found that supermarket managers had difficulty in obtaining produce that met safety requirements and found that a high percentage of produce did not comply with established standards.

Traditional marketing systems, whether in China or the rest of Asia, presently provide little motivation or incentive for individual farmers to make improvements to either quality or safety as their produce tends to get grouped together with standard products as it progresses through the marketing channel. Direct linkages between farmer groups and traders or ultimate buyers, such as supermarkets, can help avoid this problem. Governments need to improve the condition of many markets through upgrading management and reinvesting market fees in physical infrastructure. Wholesale markets need to investigate the feasibility of developing separate sections to handle fruits and vegetables that meet defined safety and quality standards.

European Union

The parliament of the European Union (EU) makes legislation in the form of directives and regulations, many of which are mandatory for member states and which therefore must be incorporated into individual countries' national legislation. As a very large organization that exists to remove barriers to trade between member states, and into which individual member states have only a proportional influence, the outcome is often seen as an excessively bureaucratic 'one size fits all' approach. However, in relation to food safety the tendency to err on the side of maximum protection for the consumer may be seen as a positive benefit. The EU parliament is informed on food safety matters by the European Food Safety Authority.

Individual member states may also have other legislation and controls in respect of food safety, provided that they do not prevent trade with other states, and can differ considerably in their internal structures and approaches to the regulatory control of food safety.

Germany

The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. History: Founded as Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Foresting in 1949, this name did not change until 2001. Then the name changed to Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture. At the 22nd of November 2005, the name got changed again to its current state: Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The reason for this last change was that all the resorts should get equal ranking which was achieved by sorting the resorts alphabetically. Vision: A balanced and healthy diet with safe food, distinct consumer rights and consumer information for various areas of life, and a strong and sustainable agriculture as well as perspectives for our rural areas are important goals of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety is under the control of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. It exercises several duties, with which it contributes to safer food and thereby intensifies health-based consumer protection in Germany. Food can be manufactured and sold within Germany without a special permission, as long as it does not cause any damage on consumers’ health and meets the general standards set by the legislation. However, manufacturers, carriers, importers and retailers are responsible for the food they pass into circulation. They are obliged to ensure and document the safety and quality of their food with the use of in-house control mechanisms.

Pakistan

Pakistan does not have an integrated legal framework but has a set of laws, which deals with various aspects of food safety. These laws, despite the fact that they were enacted long time ago, have tremendous capacity to achieve at least minimum level of food safety. However, like many other laws, these laws remain very poorly enforced. There are four laws that specifically deal with food safety. Three of these laws directly focus issues related to food safety, while the fourth, the Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, is indirectly relevant to food safety.

The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 consolidates and amends the law in relation to the preparation and the sale of foods. All provinces and some northern areas have adopted this law with certain amendments. Its aim is to ensure purity of food being supplied to people in the market and, therefore, provides for preventing adulteration. The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 does not apply to cantonment areas. There is a separate law for cantonments called "The Cantonment Pure Food Act, 1966". There is no substantial difference between the Pure Food Ordinance 1960 and The Cantonment Pure Food Act. Even the rules of operation are very much similar.

Pakistan Hotels and Restaurant Act, 1976 applies to all hotels and restaurants in Pakistan and seeks to control and regulate the rates and standard of service(s) by hotels and restaurants. In addition to other provisions, under section 22(2), the sale of food or beverages that are contaminated, not prepared hygienically or served in utensils that are not hygienic or clean is an offense. There are no express provisions for consumer complaints in the Pakistan Restaurants Act, 1976, Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 and Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996. The laws do not prevent citizens from lodging complaints with the concerned government officials; however, the consideration and handling of complaints is a matter of discretion of the officials.

United States

The US food system is regulated by numerous federal, state and local officials. Although the US food safety system is one of the best in the world, it is lacking in "organization, regulatory tools, and resources to address food borne illness."