1. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

7. What are all fabrics made by?

8. What has been found among the earliest relics of human habitations?

9. Where have linen fabrics dating from 5000 B.C. been found?

10. What has been discovered in Scandinavia and Switzerland?

11. How are textiles classified?

12. What does value or quality of textiles depend on?

2. Знайдіть синоніми до наступних слів з тексту:

Quickly, change, significant, fabric, define

3. Виберіть правильний варіант, поданий в дужках:

4. Textiles are all (fabrics, materials, tools) made by weaving, felting, knitting, braiding from various textile fibers.

5. Linen fabrics dating from 5000 B.C. have been found in (Egypt, India, Ukraine).

6. Value or quality of textile depends on quality of (raw materials, weaving, production).

Додаток а Зразок оформлення титульної сторінки контрольної роботи

Міністерство освіти і науки України

Черкаський державний технологічний університет

Лінгвістичний факультет

Кафедра іноземних мов

Контрольні робота з англійської мови №___

Варіант №____

Виконав: Перевірив:

Студент гр. ЗДЗ___ викл. / ст. викл. / доц. Рожко Г.Д.

Хмілько Ю.Г.

Черкаси, рік

Додаток б Зразок виконання до вправи I

Утворіть форму множини наступних іменників
Church, gentleman, goose, student, child, sheep.	Churches, gentlemen, geese, students, children, sheep.

Зразок виконання до вправи II

Передайте подані речення непрямою мовою
“I won’t solve the clues tomorrow”, All said. “My son is a student”, Henry said.	All said that he wouldn’t solve the clues next day. Henry said that his son was a student.

Зразок виконання до вправи III

Розкрийте дужки, утворюючи необхідний ступінь порівняння прикметників
It’s (cold) here than in Kyiv. It is (strange) person I have ever met.	It’s colder here than in Kyiv. It is the strangest person I have ever met.

Зразок виконання до вправи IV

Утворіть Present / Past / Future Indefinite Passive від поданих речень
I often forget about it. Yesterday he told the truth. They will meet us at the station.	It is often forgotten. The truth was told by him yesterday. We will be met by them at the station.

Зразок виконання до вправи V

Прочитайте та письмово перекладіть 1, 2 абзаци тексту
Cosmetics Cosmetics are preparations externally applied to change or enhance the beauty of skin, hair, nails, lips, and eyes. The use of body paint for ornamental and religious purposes has been common among primitive peoples from prehistoric times. Ointments, balms, powders, and hair dyes have also been used from ancient times. Many cosmetics originated in the Orient, but their ingredients and use are first recorded in Egypt. The Egyptians used kohl to darken their eyes; a crude paint was used on the face, and fingers were often dyed with henna. Greek women used charcoal pencils and rouge sticks of alkanet and coated their faces with powder, which often con­tained dangerous lead compounds.	Переклад українською мовою 1, 2 абзаців тексту
ЗАВДАННЯ ДО ТЕКСТУ:
1. Дайте відповіді на запитання:
Have only ointments and balms been used from ancient times? What things did Egyptians use to enhance the beauty of eyes, face and fingers? What did Greek women use?	Відповіді на запитання
2. Перекладіть англійською мовою наступні слова та словосполучення:
Підсилювати красу, покривати обличчя, професіональний косметолог.	Переклад українською мовою
Доповніть наступні речення:
1. Cosmetics are preparations externally applied …. 2. Greek women used ….	Доповнення речень відповідною інформацією з тексту

ДОДАТОК В

Список розмовних тем для студентів ФКТМ

заочної форми навчання спеціальності

«Дизайн »

1. The importance of studying English

2. My native town

3. Shopping

4. Meals

5. At the doctor’s

6. The hotel

7. Traveling

8. My university

9. The role of a designer in today’s life

10. My future profession (industrial, graphic, fashion, interior design)

11. Computer in designer’s life

12. Art in Ukraine

13. Ukraine

14. Great Britain

15. London

16. Kyiv

17. Materials & Structures

18. Computer-Aided Design

19. What Is Design?

20. The Term “Design”

21. Architectural Styles

1. THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ENGLISH

English is the national language in countries such as Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Many people speak English in Japan, China, India and African countries.

Let’s have some examples to show the importance of the English language. Many scientific and technical journals are written in English. At numerous international meetings and conferences, English is the main language. The Olympic Games and other multinational sport events, science, trade, international relations cannot do without it.

English is able to cope with many tasks of international communication. We know that technical English is difficult to understand, because many English words have several meanings. In order to master technical English we must acquire a thorough knowledge of everyday English. That is why I study pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

I try to speak English with my teachers. I read much and do many language exercises. I try to do my best to master English as quick as possible. I want to have a good command of the language, because I like it very much.

When translating we should remember the following rules. First, we should read the text carefully. After that we should reread the text and underline unfamiliar words. The most important thing is to look up unfamiliar words and memorise them. The problem of vocabulary causes difficulty to the reader of technical English.

To summarise I should say that it is easy to me now to learn, step by step, the peculiarities of technical English and everyday English.

2. MY NATIVE TOWN

Cherkasy is my native town. It is the youngest region centre of Ukraine. The Cherkasy region was formed in 1954, January 7, from the districts of Poltava, Kyiv, Kyrovograd and Vinnytsya regions. Population of Cherkasy is more than 300 thousand people. The town is more than 700 years old. It is interesting to note that it was Cherkasy from where Bogdan Khmelnitsky sent his first letter to Moscow in 1648.

The pre-Revolutionary Cherkasy was a typical provincial town with an undeveloped economy and culture. The town on the Dnieper River has changed completely during the years of peaceful construction. Cherkasy has become one of the economic centres on the right bank of the Dnieper. Present-day Cherkasy is well-known throughout Ukraine as a town with a rapid growing industry. During the last years Cherkasy has been enriched by numerous interesting architectural structures. Especially attractive from architectural viewpoint are the building of the Post-Office, the Art Museum, Taras Shevchenko Regional Library, the House of Political Education, the Palace of Culture of Chemists, the Palace of Sports, the Weddings Registry Office. There is the Taras Shevchenko music-drama theatre in the centre of the town. It is one of the oldest theatres in Ukraine.

Near the theatre there is a monument to T. G. Shevchenko. Cherkasy has the Philharmonic Society, a Glory Hill, the Museum of Regional Studies and many cinema halls.

3. SHOPPI NG

When we want to buy something, we go to a shop. There are many kinds of shops in every town or city, but most of them have a food supermarket, a department store, men’s and women’s clothing stores, a grocery, a bakery and a butchery.

I like to do my shopping at big department stores and supermarkets.

They sell various goods under one roof and this is very convenient. A department store, is composed of many departments: ready-made clothes, fabrics, shoes, sports goods, toys, china and glass, electric appliances, cosmetics, linen, curtains, cameras, records etc. You can buy everything you like there,

The things for sale are on the counters so that they can be easily seen. In the women's clothing department you can find dresses, costumes, blouses, skirts, coats, beautiful underwear and many other things. In the men's clothing department you can choose suits, trousers, overcoats, ties, etc. In the knitwear department one can buy sweaters, cardigans, short-sleeved and long-sleeved pullovers, woollen jackets. In the perfumery they sell face cream and powder, lipstick, lotions and shampoos.

In a food supermarket we can also buy many different things at once: sausages, fish, sugar, macaroni, flour, cereals, tea. At the butcher's there is a wide choice of meat and poultry. At the bakery you buy brown and white bread, rolls, biscuits. Аnother shop we frequently go to is the greengrocery which is stocked by cabbage, potatoes, onions, cucumbers, carrots, beetroots, green peas and what not. Everything is sold here ready-weighed and packed. If you call round at a dairy you can buy milk, cream, cheese, butter and many other products.

The methods of shopping may vary. It may be a self-service shop where the customer goes from counter to counter selecting and putting into a basket what he wishes to buy. Then he takes the basket to the check-out counter, where the prices of the purchases are added up. If it is not a self-service shop, the shop-assistant helps the customer in finding what he wants, you pay money to the cashier and he gives you back the change.

4. MEALS

Eating habits differ from country to country. But everybody remembers Molière’s words: “One should eat to live, not live to eat”. The English say there is a great variety of food from meal to meal in their country. They say that you can never confuse a breakfast with a dinner and that in many countries you eat the same kind of dishes for breakfast, lunch, dinner. The English breakfast is a bigger meal then we have on the continent, though some people like a continental breakfast of rolls and butter and coffee. But the usual breakfast is porridge or corn flakes with milk, cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, marmalade (made from oranges) with buttered toast and tea and coffee.

For a change you can have a boiled egg, cold ham or fish. The English have lunch at about one o’clock. Lunch consists of cold meat, potatoes, salad, pickles, with pudding or fruit to follow. Sometimes they have a mutton chop or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and cheese, and some people like a glass of light beer.

Afternoon tea is a sociable sort of thing, as friends often come in for a chat while they have their cup of tea, cake or biscuits. In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day.

5. AT THE DOCTOR

The old Latin proverb says “A sound mind in a sound body”. If your health is good you are always in a good humour. Hundred years ago many people suffered from many diseases and nobody could help them. Nowadays the situation has changed. You can always consult a doctor and be sure he will examine and treat you. If you have a headache, a sore throat, a cough, a cold a running nose and slight temperature you should go and see the therapeutist.

If your teeth need attention you should consult the dentist who may extract a tooth, put in a filling, put on a crown or dentures (false teeth), recommend on a proper tooth paste, brush and floss for you. If you want to test your sight the oculist will examine your eyes and say whether you are short or long-sighted or you probably need contact lenses. If you complain of earache you should consult the otolaryngologist. You’d better call a paediatrician if your child has fallen ill. Doctors can prescribe us gargle, pills, drops, tablets, mustard plasters, hot-water bottle, powders, massage, injections. Or he can advise you to stop worrying, to take a long rest, to keep to diet and to keep off alcohol. If you follow the doctor’s instructions you’ll recover soon.

6. THE HOTEL

While travelling people almost always stay at hotels.

There are different categories of hotels: five, four, three-star hotels, motels, full-pension, demi-pension, B&B (bed and breakfast), resort hotels, country-house hotels, congress hotels, airport hotels and other.

At hotels you may find single rooms, double, twin rooms, suites, family rooms. The price of the hotel room differs from hotel and room type.

While staying at the hotel it is advisable to remember the following:

The first thing to do is to book a room in advance either by e-mail, telephone or fax. Otherwise you may arrive at the hotel and be told that there are no rooms.

On arrival at the hotel go to the reception desk in the lobby and confirm your reservation. The clerk will then give you a registration form to fill it in and sign. In smaller hotels you simply sign the visitor’s book and give your permanent address.

At large hotels you may ask for any service by telephone. You call room service when you want to have a meal and drinks sent up to your room, a suit or dress cleaned and pressed.

Let the hotel management know well in advance the day and time of your departure.

7. TRAVELLING

Modern life is impossible without travelling. We often get tired of the same surrounding and daily routine. We need some relaxation to restore mental and physical resources. The best way of relaxation is travelling. To be on the safe side and to spare yourself the trouble of standing long hours in the line you’d better book tickets in advance. The only thing you have to do is to call the airport or the railway station booking office and they will send your tickets to your place. On the eve of your departure you should pack your things into a suit case.

Then you call a taxi and go to the railway station. If you are in a hurry and want to save your time you’d better travel by plane, because it is the fastest way of travelling. Travelling by train is slower than by plane but it has its advantages. You can see the country you are travelling through and enjoy the beautiful nature. It may be a passenger train or express one. There is no doubt it’s more comfortable to travel by an express train because it does not stop at small stations. Some people like to travel by ship. As for me the best way of travelling is by car. It has its advantages. You can stop wherever you want and you should not buy a ticket. When you get tired of relaxation you become home sick. You realise that “East or west-home is best” as the saying goes.

8. MY UNIVERSITY

As far as I know, the Engineering Department was founded in 1960. Only 600 students studied in it.

In 1976 it became the branch of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.

In 1991 the Cherkasy Engineering and Technological Institute was founded on the basis of this branch. Recently, in November 2001, it has become the State University.

Now more than 6000 students study at our University. It trains specialists in 18 specialities. There are 10 departments at our University:

• finance and economy

• economy and management

• informational technologies and systems

• building

• linguistic

• computerized machine-building technologies

• instrument making

• preparatory for foreigners

• restudy

• Kharkiv Aviation Institute

There are 2 forms of tuition: day time and extramural. Our University has 10 modern buildings. Besides, the students have at their disposal a rich library and a large reading-room.

Our University gives the students all-round education for them to become highly qualified specialists.

9. THE ROLE OF A DESIGNER IN TODAY’S LIFE

A designer is a person whose work uses the design process. Working as a designer usually implies being creative in a particular area of expertise. Designers are usually responsible for developing the concept and making drawings or models for something new that will be made by someone else. Their work takes into consideration not only how something will look, but also how it will be used and how it will be made. There can be great differences between the working styles and principles of designers in different professions.

In the 1980s the term ‘designer’ began to be applied to products such as furniture and clothing that had distinctive aesthetics or were the work of certain 'signature' designers. So, for example, there were 'designer chairs' and 'designer jeans'. The term later came to be applied to anything that was ostentatiously created for a purpose, such as 'designer drugs', or even the 'designer stubble' worn by some fashionable men.

The role of a designer in today's society goes far beyond that of which it has traditionally and historically been known for. Experiences are really what designers are creating through the thoughtful and deliberate application of design. People demand better experiences and it is the role of the designer to deliver this through the observation of life and the people living it, in order to identify opportunities that makes life better and more meaningful, in most cases meaningful enough to pay more money for.

Different types of designers include: architect or architectural designer, automotive designer, broadcast designer, costume designer, engineering designer, face designer (related to the Beauty Make-up Artists), fashion designer, textile designer, game designer, graphic designer, music designer, industrial designer, interaction designer, interior designer, jewelry designer, landscape designer, lighting designer, motion designer, scenic designer, systems designer, web designer.

10. MY FUTURE PROFESSION (INDUSTRIAL, GRAPHIC, FASHION, INTERIOR DESIGN)

MY FUTURE PROFESSION (INDUSTRIAL DESIGN)

Generally, design is many-sided art. Different types of designers include: architect or architectural designer, automotive designer, broadcast designer, costume designer, engineering designer, face designer (related to the Beauty Make-up Artists), fashion designer, textile designer, game designer, graphic designer, music designer, industrial designer, interaction designer, interior designer, jewelry designer, landscape designer, lighting designer, motion designer, scenic designer, systems designer, web designer.

Being my future profession, I’d like to speak about industrial design. The role of an industrial designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and sales.

An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. It is oriented on the consumer.

Although the process of design may be considered ‘creative’, many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial designers often utilize 3D software, computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production.

Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and / or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school).

Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category.

The rights of an industrial designer are protected by a WIPO-administered treaty (World Intellectual Property Organization currently has 184 member states and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland).

So, I’m sure this sphere is claimed and soon I’ll be able to make my own contribution into it.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION (GRAPHIC DESIGN)

Generally, design is many-sided art. Different types of designers include: architect or architectural designer, automotive designer, broadcast designer, costume designer, engineering designer, face designer (related to the Beauty Make-up Artists), fashion designer, textile designer, game designer, graphic designer, music designer, industrial designer, interaction designer, interior designer, jewelry designer, landscape designer, lighting designer, motion designer, scenic designer, systems designer, web designer.

Being my future profession, I’d like to speak about graphic design. The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation. A graphic designer may use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce the final result.

Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertisements and product packaging. For example, a product package might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements such as shapes and color which unify the piece. Composition is one of the most important features of graphic design especially when using pre-existing materials or diverse elements.

From road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to reference manuals, graphic design enhances transfer of knowledge. Readability is enhanced by improving the visual presentation of text.

Textbooks are designed to present subjects such as geography, science, and math. These publications have layouts which illustrate theories and diagrams. A common example of graphics in use to educate is diagrams of human anatomy.

Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery, and visual story telling. Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include novels, comic books, opening credits and closing credits in film, and programs and props on stage. This could also include artwork used for t-shirts and other items screen printed for sale.

Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film documentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe Flash are increasingly being used to illustrate the background to news stories.

So, I’m sure this sphere is claimed and soon I’ll be able to make my own contribution into it.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION (FASHION DESIGN)

Generally, design is many-sided art. Different types of designers include: architect or architectural designer, automotive designer, broadcast designer, costume designer, engineering designer, face designer (related to the Beauty Make-up Artists), fashion designer, textile designer, game designer, graphic designer, music designer, industrial designer, interaction designer, interior designer, jewelry designer, landscape designer, lighting designer, motion designer, scenic designer, systems designer, web designer.

Being my future profession, I’d like to speak about fashion design. Fashion design is the applied art that is concerned with the application of design and aesthetics to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social attitudes and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories. Some work alone or as part of a team. They attempt to satisfy consumer desire for aesthetically designed clothing; and, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes. Some designers in fact have a reputation which enables them to set fashion trends.

They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range of materials to work with and a wide range of colors and styles to choose from.

Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture, or off-the-rack. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.

Fashion designers can work in a number of ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one Fashion Company, known as ‘in-house designers’ which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends.

A fashion collection is something that designers put together each season to show their idea of new trends in both their high end couture range as well as their mass market range. It is considered to have a planned obsolescence usually of one to two seasons. A season is defined as either autumn/winter or spring/summer.

Fashion designers may work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card. The pattern maker’s job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model.

So, I’m sure this sphere is claimed and soon I’ll be able to make my own contribution into it.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION (INTERIOR DESIGN)

Generally, design is many-sided art. Different types of designers include: architect or architectural designer, automotive designer, broadcast designer, costume designer, engineering designer, face designer (related to the Beauty Make-up Artists), fashion designer, textile designer, game designer, graphic designer, music designer, industrial designer, interaction designer, interior designer, jewelry designer, landscape designer, lighting designer, motion designer, scenic designer, systems designer, web designer.

Being my future profession, I’d like to speak about interior design. It is a multi-faced profession in which creative and technical solutions are applied within a structure to achieve a built interior environment.

The interior design process follows a systematic and coordinated methodology, including research, analysis and integration of knowledge into the creative process, whereby the needs and resources of the client are satisfied to produce an interior space that fulfills the project goals.

Not to be confused with interior decoration, interior design, which evolved from interior decoration, involves a multitude of technical, analytical, creative skills, and understandings of architectural elements. There is a wide range of disciplines within the career of interior design. The profession of interior design encompasses those designers who may specialize in residential or commercial interior design. Within residential design one can specialize in kitchen and bathroom design, universal design, design for the aged, multifamily housing. Other interior designers may dwell in the commercial or contract realm of interior space design. In addition to the above commercial interior designers may specialize in furniture design, healthcare design, hospitality design, retail design, workspace design, sustainability, and if they are a registered architect they can focus on the interior architecture of a space. To improve the psychological and/or physiological well being of their clients the professional interior designer achieves this by understanding their clients’ needs, seeking appropriate solutions, respect their clients’ social, physical and psychological needs and applying them in a safe and ecologically sensitive manner that promotes the health, safety and welfare of the clients. Interior decoration deals with the home renovations that can be easily and quickly changed, and at lower budgets such as changing kitchen cabinets, selecting wall paper, selecting furniture and usually does not deal with structural building codes. An interior decorator does not need a degree, but has a certificate in interior decorating, while an interior designer would have a four year degree in interior design. The word “decorator” in the phrase “interior decorator” is not an accurate one, since the decorator also changes style and quality of life with a home renovation, so the phrase should be: interior decorator/stylist.

So, I’m sure this sphere is claimed and soon I’ll be able to make my own contribution into it.

11. COMPUTER IN DESIGNER’S LIFE

A designer is a person whose work uses the design process. Working as a designer usually implies being creative in a particular area of expertise. Designers are usually responsible for developing the concept and making drawings or models for something new that will be made by someone else. Their work takes into consideration not only how something will look, but also how it will be used and how it will be made.

The mind may be the most important design tool. The method of presentation (e.g. arrangement, style, medium) may be equally important to the design. The layout is produced using external traditional or digital image editing tools. The appropriate development and presentation tools can substantially change how an audience perceives a project.

Industrial designers, for example, often utilize 3D software, computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.

Computer-aided industrial design (CAID) is a subset of computer-aided design (CAD) that includes software that directly helps in product development.

Within CAID programs designers have the freedom of creativity, but typically follow a simple design methodology: creating sketches, using a stylus, generating curves directly from the sketch, generating surfaces directly from the curves. The end result is a 3D model that projects the main design intent the designer had in mind.

Graphic art software is a subclass of application software used for graphic design, multimedia development, specialized image development, general image editing, or simply to access graphic files. Art software uses either raster or vector graphic reading and editing methods to create, edit, and view art.

Many artists and other creative professionals today use computers rather than traditional media. Using graphic art software may be more efficient than rendering using traditional media by requiring less hand-eye coordination, requiring less visualization skills, and utilizing the computer's quicker (sometimes more accurate) automated rendering functions to create images. However, advanced level computer styles, effects and editing methods may require a steeper learning curve of computer technical skills than what was required to learn traditional hand rendering and visualization skills. The potential of the software to enhance or hinder creativity may depend on the intuitiveness of the interface.

12. ART IN UKRAINE

Artistic traditions of Ukraine have a very ancient history. The oldest surviving paintings are frescoes and murals found on the northern Black sea coast, where they were preserved on the walls of tombs fragments of frescoes from the medieval Rus period have been found in the Cathedral of Transfiguration in Chernihiv (11^th century) and the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv (early 11the century). Portable icons were already being painted in the 10^th and 11^th centuries, but none so old have survived to our time.

In the 15^th and 16^th centuries there appeared a Galician school of icon painting. During the Renaissance icons gradually lest their rigidity and became more realistic. In Ukraine portrait painting as a separate genre emerged during the Renaissance (16^th century) and was strongly influenced by the icon tradition.

Many Ukrainian painters were attracted to the newly established Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1757). The emigration of the Ukrainian artists to St. Petersburg deprived Ukrainian painting of its most creative talents. The exception was T.Shevchenko, who devoted most of his painting (like his writing) to Ukrainian interests.

In the last few decades of the 19^th century Ukrainian painters studying art in Russia were influenced by the Peredvizhniki society, formed in 1870 is St.Petersburg. Artists of Ukrainian origin who became active in the society were I.Repin, I.Kramskoi, A.Kuindzhi, R.Kuznetsov, K.Kostandi and many others.

During the brief period of Ukrainian independence the Ukrainian State Academy of Arts (1917-22) was established in Kyiv. In 1920s in Soviet Ukraine a variety of styles flourished. Cubo-futurist painting were produced by V.Yermilov in Kharkiv and O.Romazov, V.Pavlov and A.Petrystsky in Kyiv. In the 1930s all avant-garde activities in Soviet Ukraine came to a halt with the introduction of socialist realism as the only literary and artistic method permitted by the communist regime.

Changes brought about in the second half of 1980-s resulted in greater creative freedom and a proliferation of styles and manners of depiction. Many painters showed great inventiveness, including H.Romanyshyn from Lviv, R.Popov from Kharkiv, O.Tkachenko from Dnipropetrovsk and R.Tetianych, V.Budnykov, H.Heiko and O.Babak from Kyiv. After decades of restraint and isolation artists in Ukraine are now free to continue the development of various artistic traditions.

13. UKRAINE

Ukraine is an independent state. The Declaration of Ukrainian independence was proclaimed on the 24th of August in 1991 by the Ukraine Parliament.

Ukraine has its own territory, higher and local bodies of state power (the Supreme Council and local Councils), government, national emblem, state flag and anthem. Ukraine is one of the largest European countries. It borders on the Russian Federation, Belaruss, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania. The population of Ukraine is about 47 million people. There are 24 administrative regions and the Crimean autonomous republic.

There are 131 rivers in Ukraine. Among them are the Dnieper, the main river of Ukraine, the Prypyat, the Dniester, the Bug, the Donets.

Our country has many industrial raw materials. It has rich deposits of iron, metals, coal, oil, gas, different ores, marble and other natural resources.

Ukraine has metallurgical, heavy, textile, chemical, machine-building and food industries. The fertile black soil and the favourable climate provide the growth and development of agriculture in Ukraine.

14. GREAT BRITAIN

The British Isles include England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. There are also some smaller islands. All these islands including Northern Ireland make up the United Kingdom. The rest of island is the Irish free state, independent of Britain. The short name for the United Kingdom is UK The language spoken is English, but Welshmen speak Welsh, Scotsmen and Irishmen speak their own languages in addition to English. A person who speaks two languages equally well is a bilingual person. Thousand of people in the British Islands are bilingual. But the majority speak only one language English. Foreigners refer to the inhabitants of the United Kingdom as “the English” but they should speak of them as “the British” for they include Irishmen, Scotsmen and Welshmen. Great Britain is divided into 47 administrative counties. Great Britain is separated from Ireland by the Irish sea, and from the continent by the English Channel. There are many rivers in Great Britain but they are not very long. The rivers are deep and do not freeze in winter. The main rivers are the Severn and the Thames. Great Britain is known for its typically maritime climate with frequent rains, strong winds and continuous fogs. The population of Great Britain is nearly 56 million people. Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of the state. In practice she reigns but does not rule. The country is governed in her name by the Government. The United Kingdom is a highly developed industrial country.

15. London

London is the capital of Great Britain. Over 8 million people live in London. There are four main parts in London: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.

The City is London’s financial centre. The biggest department stores, offices and banks can be found there. The City and the rich West End are the heart of the capital. Tours in London usually start in Trafalgar Square. It is the centre of London. Tourists are impressed by the Nelson's column. From Trafalgar Square you can go along down Whitehall and see the House of Parliament. It is a long building of about ten hundred feet. Big Ben - the famous clock is in one of the Towers. Near the Parliament there is Westminster Abbey. I must say that in London one can meet the past and present, the old and the modern. It is a city of contrasts.

London is full of parks and gardens – Hide-Park is the largest park in London.

In London there is so much to see that even Londoners can always find new sights. They like to say: "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life".

16. Kiev the Capital of Ukraine

Kiev is the capital of Ukraine, its political, administrative, cultural and scientific centre. Its population is about two and a half million people. The city is situated on the picturesque banks of the Dniper River. It is one of the most beautiful cities of our country.

Kiev is one of the oldest cities of Europe and there are many places of historic interest in it. Among them are Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the Golden Gate, the Sophia’s Cathedral, the St. Vladimir’s Cathedral, the monument to B. Khmelnitsky and others.

At present Kiev is a leading industrial centre of Ukraine. Many goods are produced in it.

The Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and many higher and secondary schools and research institutes are situated in Kiev.

Kiev is the seat of the Ukrainian Government.

Kiev’s cultural life is rich and varied. There are many museums, heatres and monuments in Kiev. The famous T. G. Shevchenko Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Ivan Franko Ukrainian Drama Theatre, the Lesya Ukrainka Russian Drama Theatre are greatly appreciated by Kiev audience and guests of the city.

Kreshchatik is the central street of the capital. It is one of the fines streets of the capital. The traffic is very heavy in it.

Day by day the city of Kiev becomes more and more beautiful.

17. MATERIALS & STRUCTURES

Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. Building materials can be generally categorized into two sources, natural and synthetic. Natural building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum based paints. Both have their uses.
Fabric
Two well known types include the conical tepee and the circular yurt. It has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architecture and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid framework or internal.
Mud and clay
The amount of each material used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger amounts of clay usually mean using the cob/adobe style, while low clay soil is usually associated with sod building. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses.
Rock
There are many types of rock throughout the world all with dif- fering attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protec- tion too, its main draw-back as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also considered a big drawback, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.
Thatch
Thatch is one of the oldest of building materials known; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses year round. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favour as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, though, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, for instance, many of new builds too have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top.

Wood

Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bend- ing, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better for various uses than others. And growing conditions are im- portant for deciding quality.

Concrete

Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement. For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete. Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

Metal

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity. The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty items today.

Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as deco- ration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.

Glass

Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln and is very brittle. Very often additives are added to the mixture when making to produce glass with shades of colours or various characteristics (such as bullet proof glass, or light emittance).

Plastic

The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be moulded or extruded into objects or films or fibres. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.
Cement composites
Cement bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood or alike particles or fibres to make pre-cast building components. Various fibrous materials including paper and fibreglass have been used as binders. Wood and natural fibres are composed of various soluble organic compounds like carbohydrates, glycosides and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement boned composites, its compatibility with cement is assessed.

18. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the design of objects, real or virtual. CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD often must convey also symbolic information such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application- specific conventions. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional ("2D") space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional ("3D") objects. CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graph- ics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry. The design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).

Current Computer-Aided Design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic modelling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD — computer-aided design and drafting.

CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories).

CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components. It can also be used to design objects. CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.

Occupations that use CAD include designers, architects, and developers.

Computer-Aided Design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depend- ing on the profession of the user and the type of software in question. There are several different types of CAD. Each of these different types of CAD systems require the operator to think differently about how he or she will use them and he or she must design their virtual components in a different manner for each.

There are many producers of the lower-end 2D systems, including a number of free and open source programs. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that accompa- nied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final draft.

3D wire frame is basically an extension of 2D drafting. Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, although many 3D systems allow using the wire frame model to make the final engineering drawing views.

3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include AutoCAD and Cadkey 19) are created in a way analogous to manipulations of real world objects. Basic three-dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-world objects. Two-dimensional pro- jected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components.

3D parametric solid modelling requires the operator to use what is referred to as "design intent". The objects and features created are adjustable. Any future modifications will be simple, difficult, or nearly impossible, depending on how the original part was created. One must think of this as being a "perfect world" representation of the component. If a feature was intended to be located from the centre of the part, the operator needs to locate it from the centre of the model, not, perhaps, from a more convenient edge or an arbitrary point, as he could when using "dumb" solids. Parametric solids require the operator to consider the consequences of his actions carefully.

19. WHAT IS DESIGN?

Design is the planning that lays the basis for the making of every object or system. It can be used both as a noun and as a verb and, in a broader way, it means applied arts and engineering. As a verb, "to design" refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a product, structure, system, or component with intention. As a noun, "a design" is used for either the final (solution) plan (e.g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design process. This classification aside, in its broadest sense no other limitations exist and the final product can be anything from socks and jewellery to graphical user interfaces and charts. Even virtual concepts such as corporate identity and cultural traditions such as celebration of certain holidays are sometimes designed.

More recently, processes (in general) have also been treated as products of design, giving new meaning to the term "process design". The person designing is called a designer, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas, usually also specifying which area is being dealt with (such as a fashion designer, concept designer or web designer). Designing often requires a designer to consider the aesthetic, functional, and many other aspects of an object or a process, which usually requires considerable research, thought, modelling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.

According to video game developer Dino Dini in a talk given at the 2005 Game Design and Technology Workshop held by Liverpool JM University, design underpins every form of creation from objects such as chairs to the way we plan and execute our lives. For this reason it is useful to seek out some common structure that can be applied to any kind of design, whether this be for video games, consumer products or one's own personal life. For such an important concept, the question "What is Design?" appears to yield answers with limited usefulness. Dino Dini states that the design process can be defined as "The management of constraints". He identifies two kinds of constraint, negotiable and non-negotiable. The first step in the design process is the identification, classification and selection of constraints. The process of design then proceeds from here by manipulating design variables so as to satisfy the non-negotiable constraints and optimizing those which are negotiable. It is possible for a set of non-negotiable constraints to be in conflict resulting in a design with no solution; in this case the non-negotiable constraints must be revised. For example, take the design of a chair. A chair must support a certain weight to be useful, and this is a non-negotiable constraint. The cost of producing the chair might be another. The choice of materials and the aesthetic qualities of the chair might be negotiable. Dino Dini theorizes that poor designs occur as a result of mismanaged constraints, something he claims can be seen in the way the video game industry makes "Must be Fun" a negotiable constraint where he believes it should be non-negotiable.

It should be noted that "the management of constraints" may not include the whole of what is involved in "constraint management" as defined in the context of a broader Theory of Constraints, depending on the scope of a design or a designer's position.

A design process may include a series of steps followed by designers. Depending on the product or service, some of these stages may be irrelevant, ignored in real-world situations in order to save time, reduce cost, or because they may be redundant in the situation.


Typical stages of the design process include:


Pre-production design


1. Design brief or Parti - the beginning statement of design goals.


2. Analysis - analysis of current design goals.


3. Research - investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics.


4. Specification - specifying requirements of a design solution for a product (product design specification) or service.


5. Problem solving - conceptualizing and documenting design solutions.


6. Presentation - presenting design solutions.


Design during production


1. Development - continuation and improvement of a designed solution.


2. Testing – testing a designed solution.

Post-production design feedback for future designs


1. Implementation - introducing the designed solution into the environment.

2. Evaluation and conclusion – summary of process and results, including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements.


Redesign - any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production.

These stages are not universally accepted but do relate typical design process activities. For each activity there are many best practices for completing them.

20. THE TERM “DESIGN”

The word "design" is often considered ambiguous depending on the application.

Design is often viewed as a more rigorous form of art, or art with a clearly defined purpose. The distinction is usually made when someone other than the artist is defining the purpose. In graphic arts the distinction is often made between fine art and commercial art.

In the realm of the arts, design is more relevant to the "applied" arts, such as architecture and industrial design. In fact today the term design is widely associated to modern industrial product design as initiated by Raymond Loewy and teachings at the Bauhaus and Ulm School of Design (HfG Ulm) in Germany during the 20th Century.

Design implies a conscious effort to create something that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. For example, a graphic artist may design an advertisement poster. This person's job is to communicate the advertisement message (functional aspect) and to make it look good (aesthetically pleasing). The distinction between pure and applied arts is not completely clear, but one may consider Jackson Pollock's (often criticized as "splatter") paintings as an example of pure art. One may assume his art does not convey a message based on the obvious differences between an advertisement poster and the mere possibility of an abstract message of a Jackson Pollock painting. One may speculate that Pollock, when painting, worked more intuitively than would a graphic artist, when consciously designing a poster. However, Mark Getlein suggests the principles of design are "almost instinctive", "built-in", "natural", and part of "our sense of 'rightness'." Pollock, as a trained artist, may have utilized design whether conscious or not.

21. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Classical architecture

Classical architecture is the set of building styles and techniques of Classical Greece, as used in ancient Greece, the Hellenistic period, and the Roman empire. In architectural history, Classical architecture also includes later and modern styles derived from Greek sources, while archaeological usage is more strictly limited to the Classical period. Most of the styles originating in post-renaissance Europe can be described as classical architecture. This broad use of the term is employed by Sir John Summerson in The Classical Language of Architecture. The "elements" of classical architecture have been applied in radically different architectural contexts than those for which they were developed. The classical orders – Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian – have meaning in the stylistic history of 5th century BC Greece, shifting to the developments in 1st century AD Gaul, with the styles revived over and over again since then. Gothic architecture

Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as "the French Style" (Opus Francigenum), with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance as a stylistic insult. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and parish churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities, and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings. It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, into the 20th century. Neoclassical architecture

Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century, both as a reaction against the Rococo style of anti-tectonic naturalistic ornament, and an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque. In its purest form it is a style principally derived from the architecture of Classical Greece and the architecture of Italian Andrea Palladio. Pulteney Bridge, Bath, England, by Robert Adam Siegfried Giedion, whose first book (1922) had the suggestive title Late Baroque and Romantic Classicism, asserted later "The Louis XVI style formed in shape and structure the end of late baroque tendencies, with classicism serving as its framework." In the sense that neoclassicism in architecture is evocative and picturesque, a recreation of a distant, lost world, it is, as Giedion suggests, framed within the Romantic sensibility. Intellectually Neoclassicism was symptomatic of a desire to return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception ("ideal") of An- cient Greek arts and, to a lesser extent, sixteenth-century Renaissance Classicism, the source for academic Late Baroque.

Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau is an international movement and style of art, ar- chitecture and applied art – nespecially the decorative arts – that peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890– 1905). The name 'Art nouveau' is French for 'new art', it is also known as Jugendstil, German for 'youth style', named after the magazine Jugend, which promoted it, and in Italy, Stile Liberty from the department store in London, Liberty & Co., which popularized the style. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it is characterized by organic, especially floral and other plant – inspired motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear forms. Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.

Art Deco

Art Deco was a popular international art design movement from 1925 until the 1940s, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts, and film. At the time, this style was seen as elegant, glamorous, functional, and modern. The movement was a mix of many dif- ferent styles and movements of the early 20th century, including Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Art Nouveau, and Futurism. Its popularity peaked in Europe during the Roaring Twenties and continued strongly in the United States through the 1930s. Although many design movements have political or philosophical roots or intentions, Art Deco was purely decorative. Art Deco experienced a decline in popularity during the late 30s and early 40s, and soon fell out of public favour. It experienced a resurgence with the popularization of graphic design in the 1980s. Art Deco had a profound influence on many later artistic movements, such as Memphis and Pop art. The Empire State Building and The Chrysler Building, both in New York City, are two of the largest and best-known examples of the style.