3.3 Advantages of cals technology

CALS is considered as the complex system strategy of increase of efficiency of all processes of ZhTs of an industrial output which is directly influencing its competitiveness. Application of strategy of CALS is a condition of a survival of the enterprises in the conditions of the growing competition and allows:

- to expand spheres of activity of the enterprises (sales markets) due to the cooperation with other enterprises provided with standardization of submission of information at different stages and stages of life cycle. Thanks to modern telecommunications, already not essentially geographical position and the state accessory of partners. New opportunities of information exchange allow to build cooperation in the form of the virtual enterprises operating during product ZhTs. There is possible a cooperation not only at the level of ready components, but also at the level of separate stages and tasks: in processes of design, production and operation;

• due to information integration and reduction of costs of paper document flow, repeated input and information processing to provide continuity of results of work in complex projects and possibility of change of structure of participants without loss of already reached results;

- to increase "transparency" and controllability of business processes by their reengineering, on the basis of the integrated ZhTs models and the carried-out business processes, to reduce expenses in business processes due to the best balance of links;

- to increase appeal and competitiveness of the products designed and made in the integrated environment with use of modern computer technologies and having means of information support at an operational phase;

• to provide the set quality of production in the integrated system of support of ZhTs by electronic documenting of all processes and procedures.

• to reduce costs of production and to reduce production cost;

- to reduce time of creation of a product, its modernization and to increase its real time of "life", functioning in operating state at the expense of quality and electronic support during operation.

4 Cals Standards

4.1 Objects of standardization

The base of CALS technology is the system of uniform international standards.

CALS standards can be subdivided into three groups:

- the functional standards defining processes and methods of formalization;

- information standards according to the description ­ of data on products, processes and Wednesdays;

- the standards of a technical exchange ­ controlling data carriers and processes of data exchange between the transferring and accepting systems.

As the purpose of CALS is ensuring information integration, an important role in this perspective is played by application of the international standards (ISO series). The list of the main standards is provided in tab. 2.

Table 2

Information models	Standard of submission of information	Contents of the standard
The ZhTs model of a product and the business processes which are carried out in its course	IDEF - Integrated Definition, Functional modeling of life cycle and the carried-out business processes
	ISO 10303 AP208

Product model Design ISO 10303 (STEP) Structure, configuration and geometry

Production ISO-13584 (PLIB) the Format of the details given about libraries at

Operational - Manuals, Interactive Electronic Technical General Content, Style, Format, and User-Interaction Requirements (IETM) of the Requirement to the electronic managements: contents, style, format,

5 Introduction of CALS-of technologies

5.1 Basic principles of introduction of CALS

Introduction of CALS at the enterprise usually assumes:

- full or partial reforming of processes at the enterprise, including design, designing, preparation of production, purchase, production, production management, logistics, service;

- use of modern information technologies;

- sharing of the data obtained at various stages of life cycle of a product;

- use of the international and Russian standards in the field of information technologies for successful integration, sharing and management of information.

At introduction of CALS it is necessary to remember:

- CALS is the ideology propagandizing collective style of work, modern methods of management of information and creation of information infrastructure of support of life cycle of a product;

- irrespective of, whether introduction of CALS as a strategic step to increase of competitiveness of the enterprise or as the requirement of the customer, important for the enterprise, it is necessary to develop such strategy of introduction of CALS which would allow to gain the maximum economic effect is considered.

Development of strategy of introduction of CALS begins with the analysis of the purposes and tasks of the enterprise, applicability of CALS technologies, a choice and adaptation of means and methods for the solution of the tasks facing the enterprise. The success of introduction of CALS in a bigger measure depends on that, approach is how in details worked and reforming is carefully controlled.

Process of introduction of CALS has to have consecutive character. CALS technologies can be considered as a set of techniques and tools which scale of introduction is defined with circumstances and in process of experience accumulation.

In details worked approach to introduction of CALS

Planning process which is a basis of successful introduction of CALS, includes:

- development of the concept of introduction of CALS as business strategy component;

- definition of expenses and economic effect of introduction;

- planning and introduction of CALS technologies.

Sequence of introduction of CALS.

Sequence of works at introduction CALS and the scheme according to which will be discussed reforming of business processes, organizational structure and information infrastructure:

- definition of the tasks facing the enterprise;

- collecting basic data;

- improvements;

- definition of economic effect;

- introduction.

Development of the concept of introduction of CALS as business strategy component.

CALS covers and brings together wide scale of the means, tools and methods used for improvement, support and ensuring economic activity of the enterprise. Introduction of CALS in organizational structure of the enterprise has to be considered as part of the general strategy of economic activity. Introduction of CALS cannot be considered as purely technical question affecting only information technology specialists, and it is necessary to proceed from economic requirements and nature of activity of the enterprise, to consider the main activities, needs of customers and suppliers.

The CALS elements should be applied first of all where effective management and exchange of information for the solution of key problems of business what can be, for example, reduction of the period of development, costs of development or need to adhere to the methods of work used by the main customer are required.

After definition of how introduction of the principles of CALS can be used for business improvement, it is necessary to develop and publish the concept of introduction of CALS in the organization. This concept has to explain incentive motives and prospect of introduction in relation to the general strategic course of the enterprise. Any capital investments in CALS need to be proved and compared to the profit got from realization of other actions for business improvement.

Definition of expenses and economic effect.

Comparison of potential benefits from introduction of CALS with expenses at various scales of introduction represents iterative process at the beginning of which only outlines of the planned expenses and possible benefits which are consistently specified in process of introduction are defined.

In certain cases justification of the project of introduction will be absolutely obvious and obvious, for example, during the work of the enterprise in the markets where application of CALS technologies is a necessary preliminary condition of participation in the tender for some types of works. In industrialized countries in some industries, for example, in space and automobile building, etc., in the near future application of the standardized electronic description of a product and electronic data exchange will become so wide that it will be obligatory for all participants in a logistics chain. Lack of such opportunities at the enterprise can lead to its automatic exception of the list of participants.

It is necessary to make sure of other cases that benefits from introduction of CALS justify the incurred expenses. At an assessment of potential benefits from introduction it is necessary to analyses the following criteria.

1. Reduction of duration of a production cycle.

Release of a product on the market before competitors will allow the enterprise to secure the most part of the market and to provide higher profit during some period of time until competitors reproduce a product. Reduction of duration of a cycle of development of a product can give the chance to let out bigger number of versions of a product at the same costs of resources of development. The same can be told in case the organization is engaged in projects. Reduction of duration of a cycle can be vital for decrease in expenses due to reduction of contingencies.

2. Reduction of expenses.

Processes of design and production of a product are usually carried out with numerous iterations which absorb resources, cause the necessity of alterations, emergence of marriage and lead to growth of expenses. Providing the correct information in due time and in the necessary form by means of the CALS methods can sharply reduce expenses and volumes of unnecessary alterations.

3. Improvement of quality

Production in shorter terms or with smaller production expenses is favorable in case production has the corresponding quality. "Correctly from the first" is an ideal and confidence that the received information - full and consistent, promotes production "from the first".

Besides the material factors stated above, it is worth taking into account and a number of intangible advantages, such as satisfaction of clients, higher level of services and service, the benefits connected with existence of corporate storage of data on a product. An example of such intangible advantage is, for example, the confidence that information on a product or on development not simply is in the heads of several workers, and is recorded in databases of the company and is available to all. In long prospect such situation will give competitive overweight.

At an assessment of advantages from introduction of the project it is necessary to consider a situation in a section of all enterprise and to agree to some expenses of work and time. Additional costs of time and resources of design stages will be required, for example to prepare the electronic description of a product. However better initial information will provide economy at production stages which considerably will move the expenses made everything.

Planning and introduction of the CALS project.

For planning, managements and implementation of the project it is necessary to create special group. The number of group and the requirement to her members are defined by the size of the company and scale of alleged introduction. A key to successful introduction is careful planning. It is equally important and in rather modest company, intended to make partial changes, and in the large organization realizing full-scale introduction of CALS. The plan is a crucial link between the strategic concept of reforming and tactical actions for their introduction.

For work on introduction of solutions of CALS it is necessary to prepare the management plan works on the project aimed at introduction of innovations in the set time and at the established expenses. The organization of the project, individual functions and responsibility of participants of works, and also the processes connected with specification of design requirements and plans, with control of the course of works, order of modification of plans and schedules of works on the project have to be reflected in it. Experience of introduction of CALS technologies shows that the plan has to be stage-by-stage, changes have to be made in the portions. In the plan it is necessary to allocate priority tasks which can give fast and obvious return in business at the minimum expenses, for example, carrying out rather simple modification of processes, introduction of some kind of indicative systems. The plan should not be static - it should be corrected in due time, initiatively to operate it, periodically "to update" as its points are carried out and at emergence of problems. The plan can be corrected in process of accumulation of experience and taking into account feedback by results of introduction. It is necessary to be pragmatic and to proportion rate of works to rate of development of standards, technology and other circumstances connected with concrete business, a chain of logistics, supply and providing.

The purposes and the tasks set in the project of introduction of CALS have to be clear and clear, concrete, give in to measurement, achievable, radical, economically reasonable, painted on time.

For successful implementation of the project it is important to create conditions under which the initiative of introduction of system would proceed from the top level of the management of head divisions of the organization. The top management has to understand, support and if it is necessary, to change business strategy, the accepted concept of introduction of CALS and key elements of the plan. Controlled process of achievement of obviously visible advantages and results has to be provided. Responsibility for achievement of advantages and results has to be in detail painted, i.e. has to be appointed responsible for each result (for example, the director of production assumes liability by results of introduction of CALS to achieve 25% decrease in expenses of working hours by designers and t.d.).

Prerequisites of introduction of CALS technologies

Introduction of CALS - the difficult, many-sided process connected with various aspects of activity of the organization therefore for its implementation there have to be certain prerequisites, namely existence:

- standardly - methodical documentation of different level - federal, branch, corporate, the enterprises;

- the market of the approved and certified decisions and services in the field of CALS technologies;

- systems of preparation and retraining of personnel;

- experience and results of research works (Research and development) and pilot projects directed on studying and development of decisions in the field of CALS technologies;

- the information sources (Internet the server, conferences, etc.) directed on informing the scientific and technical public on the existing decisions and the conducted works in the field of CALS.

Creation of such prerequisites is the most important task of the federal authorities interested the organizations, the scientific and engineering community.

The specified prerequisites can be carried to number "external" for the enterprise. Along with it for successful introduction of CALS technologies there have to be also "internal" prerequisites about which it was already mentioned in this section. It, first of all, readiness of the management and the personnel of the enterprise for introduction of CALS technologies, and also existence of necessary computer aids and the network equipment, the software.

Control questions:

1 Tell about history of development of CALS technologies

2 Give definition to the term CALS

3 Main objectives and tasks solved at application of CALS - technology

4 Concept of CALS technology

5 Advantages from introduction of CALS technology

6 CALS Standards - objects of standardization

7 Stages of introduction of CALS technologies

Literature

1 Шалумов А.С., Никишкин С.И., Носков В.Н. Введение в CALS-технологии: Учебное пособие. Ковров: КГТА, 2002. - 137 с.;

2 ГОСТ 34.003-90 Информационная технология. Комплекс стандартов на автоматизированные системы. Автоматизированные системы. Термины и определения;

Lecture 12

Theme: Methods and quality system role in the integrated system of management of the organization. Organizational structure of business management. Structural and functional schemes of quality management.

Lecture plan:

1 Essence of the integrated systems of management

2 Similarity of provisions of the international standards chosen for integration

3 Advantages from introduction of ISM

4 Justification of practical expediency of creation of ISM

5 Principles of MS of ISO 9000 - a basis of creation of ISM

6 Development of documentation of ISM

7 An integration option choice taking into account branch specifics

1 Integrated systems of management - the part of the general management meeting the requirements of two or more international standards and functioning as uniform whole. ISM should not identify with system of the general management of the organization uniting all aspects of activity of the organization as ISM does not raise the questions of financial, investment management, management of securities, etc. In this case the concept "the integrated systems of management" has limited character, though is more complex, than the concept about each of those separate systems of management (quality management system, system of ecological management, system of management of labor protection, etc.) which are united in the integrated systems of management. Even, if to introduce in the organization everything the international standards of systems existing now, the integrated system of management will not be identical to system of the general management of the organization. Because the area of distribution of MCC for the present does not include financial management, management of the personnel, innovative management, management is risk, management of securities, etc. It will be possible to speak about identity of the concepts "the integrated system of management" and "system of the general management" only after standards on all areas covered by the general management of the organization [5] are developed.

For a clear understanding of this question it is necessary to construct a pyramid of the integrated system of management (figure 1) in the beginning.

Drawing 1 Pyramid of the integrated system of management

ISO 9001

ISO 14001 ISO 22000 ISO 18001

ISO 9004

Regulatory legislative base

The basis of a pyramid is made by regulatory legislative base which is constantly improved on the basis of changes of the international standards. Pyramid top as the basis of any system is presented by the ISO 9001 standards on the quality system. Ecological management 14001 both protection and safety of work 18001, make an average framework of a pyramid where depending on branch specifics, will include the international industry standards, in this case ISO 22000 on the food industry. All these systems provide continuous improvement on the basis of the ISO 9004 standards.

2 Similarity of many provisions and requirements of the international standards of systems of management in separate spheres of activity (table 1), facilitates the enterprise their practical integration. In these standards that requirements of these international standards are created taking into account interests of modern business is important. The correct application of these standards in the organization promotes rendering the real help in obtaining certain competitive advantages [24]. Thus it must be kept in mind that standards possess essential potential for increase of productivity of activity of the organization and its appeal to various groups of interested parties due to providing evidence of work to them according to the legislation, the regulating and standard requirements (tab. 2). The modern market imposes a complex of requirements caused interested in activity of the enterprise by the parties, such as consumers, shareholders, the personnel, suppliers, labor unions, society to the enterprises.

The table 1 Similarity of Provisions of the International Standards chosen for integration

System of management	Object of management	Problem (purpose) of system	Series of standards	Main indicators
Quality management system	The main and providing business processes	Improvement of quality of production and degree of satisfaction of the customer	ISO 9000 series	Productivity and efficiency of business processes Degree of satisfaction of the customer
System of ecological management	The environmental risks arising in the course of a production activity	Observance of requirements of the nature protection legislation, decrease in technogenic impact of production on ecology, increase of ecological purity of products	ISO 14000 series	Emission of harmful substances in the atmosphere of the Exclusion zone Environmental friendliness of production
System of management of health and safety	Production and social risks	Ensuring professional safety and health, decrease in losses from inappropriate activity, prevention of emergence of incidents of accidents, emergency situations	OHSAS 18000 series	Functional stability and reliability

The table 2 Degree of Appeal of the Organization for interested parties at introduction of the systems of management meeting the requirements of the international standards.

Systems of management of the organization	Groups of interested parties
	Consumers	Owners, investors	Partners	Personnel	Labor unions	Society
Quality management system	-	-	-	○	○	-
System of ecological management	○	-	○	○	○	-
System of professional safety and health	-	○	○	-	-	○
ISM	-	-	-	-	-	-

Note. - - big interest; ○ - moderate interest.