6. Render the text into English:

Зоология – это наука о животных, включающая исследования как отдельных особей, так и составляющих их частей на молекулярном уровне. Люди изучают животных с древних времен. Как наука зоология зародилась в Др. Греции и связана с именем Ари­стотеля. Зоология изучает видовое многообразие животных, их строение, особенности жизнедеятельности, индивидуальное и историческое развитие, взаимоотношения со сре­дой обитания, родственные связи, распространение, особенности поведения, вымерших животных. Физиологические функции, такие как пищеварение, выделение и дыхание были изучены несколько веков назад, теория зародыша была представлена немецким эмбриологом. К тому времени, когда Дарвин стал изучать животный мир, было уже до­казано, что биологические изменения происходят в видах путем естественного отбора. Открытие клеток и изобретение микроскопа оказало влияние на развитие зоологии.

Read and translate the text into Russian using a dictionary.

Text b The Animal Investigators

Late last year, the World Health Organization has decided back a program of re­search into a mysterious and little known animal phenomenon. What intrigued the over­lords of WHO was the fact that certain species of animals – including bats, badgers and stoats have somehow evolved way of limiting their breeding. Without the pill, or any other соntraceptive device contrived by man, they have seeming achieved a natural form of birth control. With an eye to the population explosion, the implications are tremendous. At present no one knows how, or even why animals delay their repro­duction. Almost certainly it will take years to find out. But the first crucial stages of the inquiry have already begun. They are being conducted not in a lab where white-coated workers pad between racks of test tubes but within the peanut strewn pe­rimeter of London Zoo. This is where Britain's first and only Mammal Behaviour Study Unit has its headquarters.

The commission from WHO is a triumph both for the unit and for its head, Dr. Des­mond Morris. At 37 he is the Zoo's youngest Curator of Mammals; a sometime painter, telly star, author of books booth solemn and pop, and above all an able and ardent missionary for the cause of studies in animal behaviour.

He needs all the energy he can muster, for in the world of zoology behaviour people are very much the new men, often regarded with a fierce crusty suspicion. Exactly what they do, and how they differ from their colleagues is not easy to define. But one way of marking their peculiarities in a crowd of animal experts is to observe the other, more orthodox kind of zoologists in action.

For most orthodox zoologists (and it is no crime to be orthodox) the starting point of any serious research into a new species is a dead animal. Behaviour students, on the other hand, have no use for a corpse. They are concerned with how a living animal feeds, procreates, communicates and absorbs information. They are interested in what does, and why it does it. They do not regard animals as people. But they do regard them as members of a large animal commu­nity of which Homo sapiens also happen to be a member.

When he published a study of ape painting under the title of "The Biology of Art", Desmond Morris let it be known that he regarded his findings as a pointer to the ori­gins of human art itself. Depending on their chosen field, other be­haviour students would no doubt make the same sort of claim: but discreetly. What worries them is that some­where along the line they may be accused of anthropomorphism – of ex­plaining animal behaviour in terms of human motivation.

For all zoologists-orthodox or otherwise – this is heresy. But the closer one looks at ani­mals the more apparent it becomes that their patterns of behaviour have echoes, however distant, in our lives. The World Health Organization's interest in ani­mal birth is a clear indication of this, and it may help to dispel much of the querulousness, which clouds the activities of animal behaviour students. All the same, the techiness of traditionalists can easily be understood. Some of it was ap­parent in the spring of 1961 when a young Dutch­man named Jan Van Hooff arrived at London Zoo as the first Desmond Morris's animal behaviour student. He was – and still is – a tall, soberly-clad citizen with perfect manners, and an ob­vious devotion to his work. His methods however, were – to say the least of it – unusual. At ten o'clock each morning he would haul a chair into the monkey house, position him­self in front of the cage of baboons and start to make faces.

The results were sometimes devastating. The female baboon would respond to Van Hooff's grimaces by smacking her like a child with a toffee, and within seconds her mate would hurl himself against the barrier, gibbering with rage. Van Hooff's explanation was simple: "He has a right to be annoyed. In a sense, I was making love to his wife."

Van Hooff's subject was animal language: a combination of sounds, facial expres­sions, and body postures through which animals communicate with their species. He succeeded not only in cracking the code, but also in establishing a limited contact with the animals he watched.

Now, five years after collecting the material for his first major paper (a slim, grey volume entitled "Facial Expressions in Higher Primates") he is a lecturer at Utrecht University, co-director of the Zoo at Arnhem, and a star of a top-rating animal pro­gramme on Dutch TV.

Without doubt, Van Hooff is Morris's most successful pupil to date. His work also typifies the general trend of animal behaviour studies. At present, Morris's group has four members, all women subsidized, by University grants. Their researches are still in progress. But at least three of them already demonstrate a tonic and independent line of zoolo­gical thought; and what is even more evident – an extraor­dinary relevance to the human society.

The researchers do not say this themselves, but – loudly and clearly – their work say it for them. For example, Caroline Liozos (the wife of a BBC producer) is studying play behaviour in chimpanzees. What she wants to know is whe­ther play has any real func­tion in their lives. She has four young apes who live in two adjoining cages, which can be opened up into one long, luxury apartment. Their games, or what seem to be games, include gymnastics from a dangling rope and a high-speed chase in which all four chimps scoot-round walls, floors and ceilings until exhausted. It looks like a spontaneous burst of high spirits, but Mrs. Liozos is not so sure.

"You see, people look at an animal and say: "It is play­ing". Although they may be right, the implication is that the animal isn't doing anything really important, because play is a human word for something you do when you are not working. For animal it's quite different. Play is serious. It could be a way of finding out about objects, by touch. Or it could be a special kind of experiment with forms of beha­viour, which will be important in adult life.

Analyzing ape behaviour has its own peculiar problems, the prime one being that chimps look so much like us (especially young ones) that the unguarded researcher is often tempted to "humanize" their conduct.

All four women started out as psychologists. Now they prefer to call themselves ethologists, which have to do with the function and the evolution of behaviour patterns, not just their cause. No love is lost between the two camps. Psycholo­gists dismiss ethologists as an overcute breed of nature boys. Ethologists regard psychologists as children who've yet to see the light. Their own work, they claim, is an attempt actually to enter the world of the animal; to garner internal evidence as to how and why creatures behave as they do.

What exasperates Morris and all other animal behaviour students – is the suggestion that their job is frivolous. "Just because we like to surround ourselves with animals, just because we enjoy our work, there is reason to think it is not significant".

He believes, and – unlike many of his colleagues – actually states that there are many research projects, like the one into animal birth control, which relate equally to the animal and the human condition. He has a particular inter­est in territorial behaviour, which is how animals bloodlessly apportion a stretch of common land – and so avoid what could be a war of attribution. "There are hundreds of questions", he says, "and they have been around for a long time. Is it too much to hope for that understanding animals will help us to come up with some of the answers?"