- •020201 "Биология"
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Unit 1 Biology Word Study
- •Learn the meaning of the following words:
- •Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •3. Think of the translation of the following word combinations:
- •4. Give nouns corresponding to the verbs:
- •Text a Biology
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions:
- •Continue the sentences based on the text:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •Speak on the following:
- •9. Render the article into English:
- •Text b The Beginning of Biology
- •Exercises
- •Answer the following questions:
- •2. Give all possible variants and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Give Russian equivalents for:
- •4. Find English equivalents in the text:
- •Make up a question plan for the text.
- •Try to develop the idea of every item in 5-7 sentences of your own.
- •8. Render the text in English. Use some introductory phrases:
- •Unit 2 Classification Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •Practice the following for pronunciation. Use these words in the sentences of your own:
- •Text a Classification
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Give definitions of the following:
- •4. Choose the right variant:
- •5. Speak about:
- •6. Render the text into English:
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •History of Classification Systems
- •Exercises
- •2. Work in pairs. Make up all types of questions to the given sentences and answer them:
- •Find in the text the synonyms of the following words:
- •Explain the following in English:
- •5. Render the articles into English:
- •6. Give the extended answer proving that:
- •Unit 3 Botany Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the following words:
- •2. Read and translate the words:
- •3. Translate the given word combinations:
- •Text a Botany
- •I. Introduction
- •III. Classical Studies
- •IV. Botany Today
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate from Russian into English:
- •2. Are the following statements true or false? If yes, say why.
- •3. Give definitions:
- •4. Ask questions of all types about the statements:
- •5. Translate the questions into English and give the extended answers to the following questions working in pairs:
- •Text b The Higher Land Plants
- •Exercises
- •6. Complete the sentences:
- •Unit 4 Zoology Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Read and practice the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Text a Zoology
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Join the parts of the definitions:
- •3. Say what you have learnt about:
- •4. Give the English equivalents of the following words:
- •5. A) Study the scheme thoroughly:
- •6. Render the text into English:
- •Text b The Animal Investigators
- •Exercises
- •Check up your comprehension:
- •2. Ask one another questions about the text, try to give detailed answers.
- •3. Render the content of the article in 20-25 sentences.
- •Ethology
- •Word Study
- •Learn the meaning of the words:
- •Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •Translate the word combinations into Russian:
- •Text a Ethology
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Suggest as many word combinations as possible and put them in the sentences of your own:
- •3. Make up sentences matching one part with the other:
- •4. Make up 10 questions about the text and ask your group mates to answer them.
- •5. Give the detailed description or examples for the following:
- •6. Render the text into English:
- •Text b Types of Communication Chemical communication
- •Mechanical communication
- •Visual communication
- •Imprinting
- •Unit 6 Evolution Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Translate the word combinations and use them in sentences of your own:
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Complete the sentences based on the text:
- •3. Give definitions of the following:
- •4. Give 2-3 sentences that develop from the leading statement using such introductory phrases as:
- •3. Form the opposite of the following words by using the prefixes:
- •Text a Evolution
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Continue the sentences using your knowledge about evolution:
- •Правила эволюции
- •Text b How Scientists Study Evolution
- •1. While reading the article complete the table with proper information:
- •A. Fossils
- •B. Distribution of Species
- •C. Anatomical Similarities
- •D. Molecular Similarities
- •E. Direct Observation
- •F. Determining Life's Origins
- •2. Comment on the ways of studying the evolutionary mechanisms using the table from ex. 1.
- •3. Give definitions of the following:
- •4. Work in pairs. Make up all possible questions to the sentences and answer them.
- •5. Say what you have learnt about:
- •Unit 7 Development of Evolutionary Theory Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •3. Translate the word combinations into Russian and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •Text a Development of Evolutionary Theory I
- •Exercises
- •1. Try to find out several semantic parts in the text (there must be 6 of them).
- •2. Suggest the titles for the extracts. Justify your choice.
- •3. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •9. Say what you have learnt about (part 6):
- •10. Make up a complex plan of the text.
- •11. Render the articles into English:
- •Значение эволюционной теории Ламарка
- •Основные положения эволюционного учения ч. Дарвина
- •Text b Development of Evolutionary Theory II Population Genetics and the Modern Synthesis
- •New Techniques in Molecular Biology
- •Sociobiology
- •Punctuated Equilibria
- •Role of Extinction
- •Exercises
- •1. Continue making the complex plan of the text "Developing of Evolutionary Theory".
- •2. Find evidence for or against the statements:
- •3. Get ready to speak on every point of the plan.
- •Render the studied text in English. Use introductory phrases.
- •What theory of origin of life do you personally embrace? Give arguments to support your point of view. Unit 10 Physiology and Anatomy
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions:
- •Talk it over:
- •Prove that:
- •4. Render the text into English:
- •Unit 11 Human Anatomy
- •I. Circulatory System
- •What is blood?
- •The functions of blood
- •1. Transport
- •2. Protection
- •Circulation of blood
- •The heart
- •Diseases of the circulation system
- •Exercises
- •1. Continue the sentences based on the text:
- •2. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •3. Work in pairs. Make up 2-3 questions to every paragraph and answer them.
- •5. Render into English.
- •6. Speak about circulatory system according to the plan.
- •II. Respiratory System
- •Gas exchange in the lungs
- •Cellular respiration
- •Respiration in all living things
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •6. Topics for discussion:
- •III. Digestive and Excretory Systems
- •Exercises
- •1. Work in pairs. Ask questions to the following statements and give full answers.
- •2. Make up sentences matching one part with the other.
- •3. Develop the idea expressing your point of view about the following:
- •4. Reproduce the article using the key-words:
- •5. Render the text into English.
- •IV. Immune System
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •V. Nervous System
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •Senses and responses
- •1. Detecting changes and responding
- •2. Detecting light – the eye
- •3. Detecting sound and balancing – the ear
- •4. Detecting smell and taste – the nose and mouth
- •5. Detecting temperature and touch – the skin
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •VI. Reproduction Sexual and asexual reproduction
- •Sexual reproduction
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •Unit 12 Histology Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Practice the following words for pronunciation and translate them into English:
- •3. Translate the word combinations into English and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •Histology
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Work in pairs: make up 2-3 questions to each paragraph and answer them using the introductory phrases.
- •3. Extract specific information and reproduce it about the following:
- •4. Render the text into English.
- •Supplementary texts Most cot deaths due to "natural causes"
- •More evidence of genetic basis for cot death
- •Sex selection
- •Cloning monkeys
- •Monkey embryo cloning success
- •How emotions can hurt the heart
- •Progenitor cells offer heart attack hope
- •Viral infections
- •Vocabulary
- •Библиография
2. Say whether the statements are true or false:
There are 3 main constituents of blood: plasma, red blood cells and white blood cells.
Plasma consists of water and dissolved substances.
Blood has 2 important functions: transport and protection.
The only organ involved in blood circulation is the heart.
Arteries tend to be closer to the surface of the body than veins.
The capillaries in our skin play an important role in regulating our body temperature.
Contractions of skeletal muscle don't contribute to circulation.
Valves in the heart and in the veins ensure blood flowing in one direction.
3. Work in pairs. Make up 2-3 questions to every paragraph and answer them.
4. Blood pressure, stroke, thrombosis, heart attack are heavy diseases of the circulatory system. Say what do you know about them (causes of becoming ill, consequences of being ill, possible ways of curing).
5. Render into English.
Кровеносная система – система органов кровообращения, состоящая из сердца и кровеносных сосудов. Может быть незамкнутой – кровь поступает из сердца по сосудам в полость тела, омывает клетки, разносит кислород и питательные вещества, поглощает диоксид углерода и конечные продукты обмена, после чего вновь собирается в кровеносных сосудах. Эта кровь чаще бесцветная или зеленовато-голубая благодаря дыхательному пигменту гемоцианину. В замкнутой системе кровообращения кровь находится только в кровеносных сосудах – артериях, венах, капиллярах. Для нее характерно наличие дыхательного пигмента красного цвета – гемоглобина. Она может циркулировать как в одном, так и в двух кругах кровообращения. Второй круг получил название легочного, или малого, так как возник лишь с появлением легочного дыхания.
6. Speak about circulatory system according to the plan.
Constituents of blood.
The functions of blood.
Blood vessels.
Circulation of blood.
Diseases of the circulatory system.
II. Respiratory System
The term "respiration" is used to summarise three processes in organisms: breathing, gaseous exchange and cellular respiration.
RESPIRATION
Breathing |
Gaseous exchange |
Cellular respiration |
Chest movements which bring air (oxygen) into the lungs. |
Diffusion of oxygen into the blood and of carbon dioxide out of the blood. Diffusion occurs through the thin moist tissue in the lungs. |
Chemical reactions occurring in cells result in the release of energy from foods. |
Breathing and gaseous exchange are physical processes occurring outside cells. They are sometimes referred to together as external respiration. On the other hand, cellular respiration involves chemical processes inside cells. It is sometimes called internal respiration.
Breathing
Our bodies and those of animals cannot work without a supply of oxygen. When we breathe in (inhale), air enters our lungs. Oxygen from the inhaled air can then pass through the thin tissue of the lungs into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs. This carbon dioxide is then expelled when we breathe out (exhale). In order to help this exchange of gases, the chest and ribs act like a pump, transferring gases into and out of the lungs.
The lungs are situated inside the chest cavity or thorax. The sides of the thorax are bounded by the rib cage and there are muscles linking the ribs. At the bottom of the thorax, there is a flexible sheet of muscular tissue called the diaphragm.
Although the lungs have a spongy consistency, they behave like a pair of large, elastic bags. These bags stretch and inflate when the thorax increases in volume. When we breathe in, muscles pull the diaphragm downwards and the ribs upwards and outwards. The thorax increases in size and air is drawn into the lungs. When we breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards and the ribs move inwards. The thorax decreases in size, increasing the pressure on the lungs and air is forced out.
The total volume of an adult's lungs is between 4 and 5 dm3 (4000-5000 cm3). Whilst resting we inhale about 0.5 dm3 of air each breath. After exercise, we breathe more deeply and inhale as much as 2 dm3 with each breath.