- •020201 "Биология"
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Unit 1 Biology Word Study
- •Learn the meaning of the following words:
- •Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •3. Think of the translation of the following word combinations:
- •4. Give nouns corresponding to the verbs:
- •Text a Biology
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions:
- •Continue the sentences based on the text:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •Speak on the following:
- •9. Render the article into English:
- •Text b The Beginning of Biology
- •Exercises
- •Answer the following questions:
- •2. Give all possible variants and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Give Russian equivalents for:
- •4. Find English equivalents in the text:
- •Make up a question plan for the text.
- •Try to develop the idea of every item in 5-7 sentences of your own.
- •8. Render the text in English. Use some introductory phrases:
- •Unit 2 Classification Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •Practice the following for pronunciation. Use these words in the sentences of your own:
- •Text a Classification
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Answer the questions:
- •3. Give definitions of the following:
- •4. Choose the right variant:
- •5. Speak about:
- •6. Render the text into English:
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •History of Classification Systems
- •Exercises
- •2. Work in pairs. Make up all types of questions to the given sentences and answer them:
- •Find in the text the synonyms of the following words:
- •Explain the following in English:
- •5. Render the articles into English:
- •6. Give the extended answer proving that:
- •Unit 3 Botany Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the following words:
- •2. Read and translate the words:
- •3. Translate the given word combinations:
- •Text a Botany
- •I. Introduction
- •III. Classical Studies
- •IV. Botany Today
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate from Russian into English:
- •2. Are the following statements true or false? If yes, say why.
- •3. Give definitions:
- •4. Ask questions of all types about the statements:
- •5. Translate the questions into English and give the extended answers to the following questions working in pairs:
- •Text b The Higher Land Plants
- •Exercises
- •6. Complete the sentences:
- •Unit 4 Zoology Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Read and practice the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Text a Zoology
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Join the parts of the definitions:
- •3. Say what you have learnt about:
- •4. Give the English equivalents of the following words:
- •5. A) Study the scheme thoroughly:
- •6. Render the text into English:
- •Text b The Animal Investigators
- •Exercises
- •Check up your comprehension:
- •2. Ask one another questions about the text, try to give detailed answers.
- •3. Render the content of the article in 20-25 sentences.
- •Ethology
- •Word Study
- •Learn the meaning of the words:
- •Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •Translate the word combinations into Russian:
- •Text a Ethology
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Suggest as many word combinations as possible and put them in the sentences of your own:
- •3. Make up sentences matching one part with the other:
- •4. Make up 10 questions about the text and ask your group mates to answer them.
- •5. Give the detailed description or examples for the following:
- •6. Render the text into English:
- •Text b Types of Communication Chemical communication
- •Mechanical communication
- •Visual communication
- •Imprinting
- •Unit 6 Evolution Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Translate the word combinations and use them in sentences of your own:
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •2. Complete the sentences based on the text:
- •3. Give definitions of the following:
- •4. Give 2-3 sentences that develop from the leading statement using such introductory phrases as:
- •3. Form the opposite of the following words by using the prefixes:
- •Text a Evolution
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Continue the sentences using your knowledge about evolution:
- •Правила эволюции
- •Text b How Scientists Study Evolution
- •1. While reading the article complete the table with proper information:
- •A. Fossils
- •B. Distribution of Species
- •C. Anatomical Similarities
- •D. Molecular Similarities
- •E. Direct Observation
- •F. Determining Life's Origins
- •2. Comment on the ways of studying the evolutionary mechanisms using the table from ex. 1.
- •3. Give definitions of the following:
- •4. Work in pairs. Make up all possible questions to the sentences and answer them.
- •5. Say what you have learnt about:
- •Unit 7 Development of Evolutionary Theory Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Practice the following for pronunciation:
- •3. Translate the word combinations into Russian and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •Text a Development of Evolutionary Theory I
- •Exercises
- •1. Try to find out several semantic parts in the text (there must be 6 of them).
- •2. Suggest the titles for the extracts. Justify your choice.
- •3. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •9. Say what you have learnt about (part 6):
- •10. Make up a complex plan of the text.
- •11. Render the articles into English:
- •Значение эволюционной теории Ламарка
- •Основные положения эволюционного учения ч. Дарвина
- •Text b Development of Evolutionary Theory II Population Genetics and the Modern Synthesis
- •New Techniques in Molecular Biology
- •Sociobiology
- •Punctuated Equilibria
- •Role of Extinction
- •Exercises
- •1. Continue making the complex plan of the text "Developing of Evolutionary Theory".
- •2. Find evidence for or against the statements:
- •3. Get ready to speak on every point of the plan.
- •Render the studied text in English. Use introductory phrases.
- •What theory of origin of life do you personally embrace? Give arguments to support your point of view. Unit 10 Physiology and Anatomy
- •Exercises
- •Answer the questions:
- •Talk it over:
- •Prove that:
- •4. Render the text into English:
- •Unit 11 Human Anatomy
- •I. Circulatory System
- •What is blood?
- •The functions of blood
- •1. Transport
- •2. Protection
- •Circulation of blood
- •The heart
- •Diseases of the circulation system
- •Exercises
- •1. Continue the sentences based on the text:
- •2. Say whether the statements are true or false:
- •3. Work in pairs. Make up 2-3 questions to every paragraph and answer them.
- •5. Render into English.
- •6. Speak about circulatory system according to the plan.
- •II. Respiratory System
- •Gas exchange in the lungs
- •Cellular respiration
- •Respiration in all living things
- •Exercises
- •1. Answer the questions:
- •6. Topics for discussion:
- •III. Digestive and Excretory Systems
- •Exercises
- •1. Work in pairs. Ask questions to the following statements and give full answers.
- •2. Make up sentences matching one part with the other.
- •3. Develop the idea expressing your point of view about the following:
- •4. Reproduce the article using the key-words:
- •5. Render the text into English.
- •IV. Immune System
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •V. Nervous System
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •Senses and responses
- •1. Detecting changes and responding
- •2. Detecting light – the eye
- •3. Detecting sound and balancing – the ear
- •4. Detecting smell and taste – the nose and mouth
- •5. Detecting temperature and touch – the skin
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •VI. Reproduction Sexual and asexual reproduction
- •Sexual reproduction
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Exercises
- •1. Render the text into English.
- •Unit 12 Histology Word Study
- •1. Learn the meaning of the words:
- •2. Practice the following words for pronunciation and translate them into English:
- •3. Translate the word combinations into English and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •Histology
- •Exercises
- •1. Give the English equivalents of the following:
- •2. Work in pairs: make up 2-3 questions to each paragraph and answer them using the introductory phrases.
- •3. Extract specific information and reproduce it about the following:
- •4. Render the text into English.
- •Supplementary texts Most cot deaths due to "natural causes"
- •More evidence of genetic basis for cot death
- •Sex selection
- •Cloning monkeys
- •Monkey embryo cloning success
- •How emotions can hurt the heart
- •Progenitor cells offer heart attack hope
- •Viral infections
- •Vocabulary
- •Библиография
The functions of blood
Blood has three important functions – transport, protection and regulation.
1. Transport
• Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to other tissues. It carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be expelled (exhaled).
• Blood carries dissolved foods from the gut to different parts of the body.
• Blood carries waste products to the kidneys to be excreted in urine.
• Blood carries hormones and antibodies around the body.
2. Protection
• Blood contains platelets and fibrinogen so that blood will clot preventing severe lose of blood after injury.
• Blood contains white blood cells which protect us against germs. Our bodies' natural defences can be enhanced by medicines which kill germs or by immunisation. During immunisation, killed or modified microorganisms are injected. This stimulates the body to produce lots of white blood cells which make antibodies and give lasting protection against the infection caused by the injected microorganisms.
Regulation
• Blood helps to keep our body temperature constant by allowing us to retain or lose heat.
• Blood helps us to control the amount of water and other chemicals in different parts of the body.
Blood vessels
Blood flows around the body continuously and acts as a transport medium. This flow is called circulation. The main organ involved in blood circulation is the heart. The heart pumps blood round the body through a system of tubes called blood vessels. Blood vessels are classified in three groups:
1. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Arteries have thick muscular walls to withstand the pumping pressure from the heart. If an artery is cut, there is a rapid loss of blood. Bleeding may be stopped by pressing on a wound or by pressure at a point where the artery comes near to the skin surface and runs close to a bone.
2. Veins carry blood back to the heart. They tend to be closer to the surface of the body than arteries. Blood in the veins is at a lower pressure than in the arteries and there are valves to prevent the backward flow of blood. Veins have thinner, less muscular wall than arteries.
3. Capillaries are narrow, thin-walled tubes which divide from the arteries and then rejoin to form veins. There are thousands and thousands of capillaries in every organ and every cell in your body is close to a capillary. If your capillaries were laid end to end, they would form a very fine tube about 80 000 km long.
As the blood flows through capillaries, water, oxygen and dissolved foods diffuse out through the thin walls to the surrounding cells. At the same time, waste materials diffuse out of the cells and into the capillaries. In this way, capillaries provide those materials which cells need for good health and also remove their waste products. The capillaries in our skin play an important role in regulating our body temperature.
Circulation of blood
The main organs in our bodies through which blood circulates have the following functions:
• The heart pumps blood around the system. The pumping effect produces a regular beating of the heart. Every time the heart beats it produces a dull throb in the chest and a wave of pressure through the main arteries. You can feel this as a pulse in the artery in your wrist.
• The lungs allow the blood to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
• The intestines supply digested food to the blood.
• The liver processes and stores some of the food carried by the blood.
• The kidneys remove waste products.
• The rest of the body uses the food and oxygen in the blood and produces waste products which are carried away by the blood. There are two circuits from the heart. One circuit goes to the lungs and back to the heart. The other circuit goes to the rest of the body and back to the heart. To provide for these two circuits, the heart acts as two pumps side by side. The pumps work in unison. The pump on our right drives blood to capillaries in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed and dissolved in the blood. The pump on our left takes this oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to other organs in the body. As the oxygenated blood passes through the various organs, the oxygen is used for respiration and other reactions. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart and the cycle is repeated. Notice that the blood passes through the heart twice during оne complete cycle.