6.2. Can, may, must

1. Глагол CAN. Кроме своего основного значения, передающего умение, способность или объективную возможность совершить действие, глагол саn (в утвердительной форме) выражает предположение и переводится словами может быть, возможно, мог и т.п. или сомнение (в вопросительной и отрицательной форме) и переводится словами неужели, не может быть, чтобы и т.п. Форма could передает меньшую уверенность предположения или сомнения. Перфектная форма инфинитива после саn и could относит действие к прошедшему времени или она означает, что действие могло состояться, но не состоялось.

It could be true but it is advisable to find out first what has really happened there. Может быть, это и правда (что сомнительно), но лучше сначала выяснить, что же в действительности там произошло.

2. Глагол MAY. В языке газетных статей глагол may чаще всего выступает в значении предположения и переводится словами может быть, возможно. Форма might указывает на меньшую уверенность предположения, на сомнение. Перфектная форма инфинитива после may относит действие к прошедшему времени.

The Chancellor's measures might help towards an agreement on an incomes policy. But this still has to be proved. Мероприятия, предложенные министром финансов, может быть, и помогут достичь соглашения по политике доходов. Но это еще нужно доказать.

Two factors may temporarily have increased their caution. Возможно, два фактора временно усилили их осторожность.

Примечание. 1. Глагол may может выступать также в качестве вспомогательного глагола, образуя форму сослагательного наклонения, главным образом в придаточных предложениях цели после that, so that, lest и в придаточных уступительных после whatever, however и т.п. В таких случаях may не переводится

They are determined to achieve this aim, however difficult it may seem. Они полны решимости добиться этой цели, какой бы трудной она ни казалась.

2. После глаголов саn и may слово well означает вполне, с успехом

The EU Commission's fate could well be decided by the tenor of the committee's report. Вполне возможно, что судьба Комиссии Европейского Союза будет определена тональностью ее доклада.

3. Глагол MUST. Основное значение глагола must — долженствование. Кроме того, глагол must (в утвердительной форме) часто употребляется в значении предположения со значительной долей уверенности и переводится словами должно быть, вероятно, по всей вероятности и т.п. Перфектная форма инфинитива после must означает, что предположение относится к прошедшему времени.

They must have known about it for a certain time. Они, должно быть, уже в течение некоторого времени знали об этом.

Примечание Предположение со значительной долей уверенности, относящееся к прошлому, может также передаваться глаголом will с перфектным инфинитивом.

Some kind of decision will have been taken by now. К настоящему времени какое-то решение уже по всей вероятности принято, (...вероятно, они уже приняли какое-то решение.)

They will have finished that discussion by now. К этому моменту (сейчас) они, наверняка, закончили это обсуждение.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. “Sooner or later the country [China] will have to come to understand that society and the world we are living in simply cannot purchase stability at the expense of freedom.”

2. By spurring inflation, some economists say, consumers and companies could be persuaded to spend more now.

3. To the U.S. nearly $100 million in equipment offered by Congress to Iraqi opposition groups may seem like a gift horse for the Iraqi Kurds. But the Iraqi Kurds themselves fear it may in fact be a Trojan horse that could bring them fresh disasters.

4. To cope with regulations of different governments, Intel is considering building chips that can be electronically reprogrammed with different encryption strengths after they are built.

5. A reformed second chamber could have powers to block constitutional changes until after further general elections or a referendum. Such a chamber might perform the “checking” role that the judges might otherwise assume [Britain].

6. Even in a panic-market, someone must buy the “damped” shares, but stocks were dropping from 2 to 10 points... before a buyer could be found for them. Sound stocks at shrunk prices — and nobody to buy them. It looked as if US Industries' little partners were in a fair way to bankrupt the firm.

7. A single nuclear bomb exploding in the atmosphere over the United States could lead to a nationwide power blackout because U.S. power stations are too vulnerable, according to an official study.

8. Months of wrangling over fishing rights have led to tension between EU governments, and there are fears that this could spill over to embitter discussion of a series of other problems at the two-day meeting starting on Monday.

9. The foreign banks are launching a counterattack into markets for domestic loans and services that until now have been dominated by the Japanese banks. They are also exploring some new fields that the Japanese banks could not, or would not touch.

10. The report noted that companies could claim back the entire cost of investments in plant and machinery in tax relief — one of the most favorable tax benefits of any industrialized nation.

11. Berlin left open the possibility that its assistance program could be paid for through outright grants and that government-to-government largess might be arranged for other development projects.

12. Britain both could have and should have stayed out of the Second World War, leaving Russia to crush Hitter's Germany.

13. People in Russia say that the former president could have been a better president if he had been able to be elevated one degree above the political combat he faced.

14. Now OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) will begin to force employers to give workers their medical records and also the records of air pollution inspections conducted by the company which could have caused poor health to the worker, declared the head of the OSHA Administration.

15. If Japan's population had been half its present level, or — more reasonably — one-third, the country could have enjoyed a relatively high level of industrialization while continuing to produce enough foodstuffs to prevent disaster in the event of cutoffs in international trade.

16. Secret “briefings” were used to discredit the probe which is trying to root out corruption in the London police. Ex-chief constable of Dorset was bitterly assailed by Metropolitan Police Commissioner and City of London police chief. Secret briefings followed yesterday in a shameless attempt to discredit him. His view is that as many as 25 police officers could be brought to trial.

17. Outlining circumstances in which Washington might use nuclear weapons may seem a surreal exercise.

18. Situations in which America may have to choose between rival policies advocated by her European partners are bound to arise.

19. Such is the speed of history today that, when this is published, so many new and perhaps more shocking developments may have taken place that the events herein detailed may seem even more remote.

20. In reality the Pope may not have been anxious to see his suggestion, advanced from the marble rostrum of the General Assembly on October 4, enacted a bare six weeks later.

21. EU sources said France will favor protectionist measures in critical sectors, but because of German resistance this may not be agreed to at the EU level.

22. Some economic analysts predict that the tax-cutting and the splurge in consumerism may backfire on the Likud [one of the Israeli parties].

23. The relationship between Japan and the United States has been evolving rapidly since Pearl Harbor. First, the two countries were bitter enemies, then occupier and occupied, then big brother and eager emulator and now it may have reached the point of role reversal.

24. In the big cities, the contest may have generated too much enthusiasm, creating a fog of names, that voters may find hard to penetrate.

25. Cheap oil might merely aggravate the twin evils of corruption and bad management in oil-producing countries.

26. Some excuse for the behaviour of Tory chieftains might be provided if it could be shown that the leadership battle revolved round central issues of public importance. But throughout, the dispute has been concerned with personalities and patronage-gang warfare in all its sterility.

27. When the delegates are taken to see the outstanding work of the Road Research Laboratory, and the examples of brilliant design and construction of British technicians and workers, they will be able to compare in their minds' eye what might be, with what is.

28. Finally, a new political balance in Europe, based on effective unity, might turn out to be the precondition of disengagement.

29. The Prime Minister mentioned that a more radical stand on some issues might have enabled the party to have avoided defeat.

30. There were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point. .

31. Discussions could explore the economic problems that might follow disarmament and the question of security.

32. Such problems, as a rule, may begin well before the trial and continue after the appeal.

33. Thus the Government appears to be sending conflicting signals to the United States at a time when government officials and industrialists in this country are expressing deep concern over the policies the American administration might take both in the south Asia region and with regard to aid to developing Third World nations.

34. A senior research scientist said their requests for information were met by delays of years and they had received no classified information since November.

They state “one might as well ask whether the present Administration is as honest as the previous one.”

35. As a result, the government might try to close the gap by increasing taxes. But in its turn that would also cut purchasing power.

36. The sinking of the Nissho Maru will be recorded as an accident that might have been avoided

37. If cash-strapped producers cut expenditure faster than consumers spend their windfall, the effect of lower oil prices might even be to slow world economic growth.

38. He might have fallen into the trap but he understood the danger in time.

39. The victory of the Liberal Party with an overall majority over the Progressive Conservatives and the New Democratic Party reduces the bargaining position of the New Democratic Party. NDP, with growing trade union support, might have been expected to do better.

40. Just as oil's scarcity seemed a fact of life in the 1970s, its abundant flow might be too easily taken for granted to-day.

41. In a covering letter, the majority leader of Congress suggested that members might use his analysis in preparing public comments about the administration package.

42. Piracy in the harbor here, for years a petty annoyance, has reached such an outrageous level that shipping agents representing lines from the United States, Europe and the Far East are concerned that their maritime unions might boycott the port.

43. He said he expected that a committee concerned with energy is sues would be set up. Although this Committee would not be empowered to discuss the question of oil prices, which remains the prerogative of OPEC, it seems that security of supplies, as well as energy sharing, and the search for alternative energy sources, might be valid subjects for discussion.

44. The prospect that exports might be boosted means that the measures announced Friday will be scrutinized closely in Europe and the United States.

45. At the Mexico meeting, optimists at the Vienna talks declared it might be possible to lay foundations for a deal about global energy sup plies. If the energy outlook can be stabilized it might be possible to strike a new deal about aid that would open both OPEC and Western purses and markets.

46. The impression that the Government and the G.P.O. [General Post Office] are prepared to turn a blind eye on the operations of the radio pirate stations has been encouraged by the delay in introducing legislation to outlaw them. The legislation is more complex than might have been imagined. The penalty clauses may well require requisition of the company's assets on land as well as the stations.

47. It was the sort of message for which the smaller members of the alliance may well have been waiting.

48. In the opinion of some political connoisseurs, that measure may well improve the prospects of the Conservative party with the nation as a whole.

49. The British Premier and the French President might well talk also about the Middle East — a region which least of all has claims to being called static.

50. The Norwegian Foreign Minister has said that the Security Council might well be given greater powers over the financing of peacekeeping.

51. What can the West do to increase the chances of success, however defined? For a start, it can and should do its utmost to tell the Serb people at large that the outside world bears no animus against them.

52. The Home Secretary told chief constables that they must recruit thousands more officers from ethnic communities and should aim to make their manpower mirror the communities they cover.

53. The U.S. government spends millions every year policing the economy against agreements among competitors to restrict supply and thereby raise prices. Such conspirators ordinarily must meet in darkest secrecy, and can go to jail if they get caught. Yet here is the administration pressuring Japanese automakers to do precisely what it ordinarily forbids.

54. We must not assume that the free play of public opinion must register itself in parliamentary forms.

55. The US President outlined a foreign policy of active involvement overseas, saying Americans “must embrace the inexorable logic of globalization”.

56. In the long run, if Brazil is to avoid foreign-exchange problems and boost its growth rate, it must do more than just tinker with the current policy mix.

57. In massive demonstrations in colleges all over the country yesterday, students showed exactly what they thought of the Government's plan to treble the fees of overseas students. If the Education Minister didn't get the message three weeks ago, when more than 4,000 students lobbied their MPs, then it surely must have been rammed home on him yesterday.

58. It must have been hard for them to agree to this resolution, but at that time there was no alternative course open to them.

59. Meanwhile it will not have escaped notice that some members (of EU) seem to be contemplating just that sort of un-European behaviour.

60. The visit will have been a pleasant and useful excursion for the State Secretary.

6.3. To be

Глагол to be в сочетании с инфинитивом имеет модальное значение и может выражать:

1) долженствование, обусловленное договоренностью или планом; переводится обычно при помощи должен или глаголом в будущем времени.

The Prime Minister is to go to Paris next week. На следующей неделе премьер-министр должен поехать (поедет) в Париж.

Примечание. Сочетание формы was/were с перфектной формой инфинитива означает, что действие не было совершено.

2) возможность (в этом случае за глаголом to be обычно следует пассивная форма инфинитива).

Responsibilities and obligations possessed by the Russian trade unions are to be envied. Можно позавидовать той ответственности и тем обязанностям, которые имеют профсоюзы в России.

3) намерение, цель, желание – в придаточных предложениях, вводимых союзом if переводится инфинитивом с союзом чтобы (для того, чтобы), реже – если мы хотим, чтобы.

If the United Nations is to deal adequately with the new situation, it itself will first require reform. Чтобы ООН адекватно реагировала на новую ситуацию (если мы хотим, чтобы ООН...), ей самой, прежде всего, необходимо реформирование.

Примечание. Следует помнить, однако, что сочетание to be с инфинитивом может представлять собой составное сказуемое, где to be выступает в качестве глагола-связки, а инфинитив – в качестве предикатива.

The task of the committee is to find ways for a workable agreement. Задачей этой комиссии является изыскать (изыскание) пути для практически приемлемого соглашения.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Voting, which began at 8 a.m. and was to last eight hours, was extended by one or two hours in a number of cities, including Tehran.

2. A “federation fund” of a $l billion is to be spent on projects of “national significance” leading up to the centenary of Australia's federation.

3. The talks aimed at ending the civil war in Colombia are to establish an agenda and location for full-scale negotiations later this year.

4. Labour is to move quickly to introduce legislation to ban advertisements for cigarette smoking, the Commons heard yesterday.

5. The External Affairs Minister who was to have addressed the General Assembly on the Canadian position yesterday, suddenly postponed his statement.

6. Another topic was the importance of fully integrating nations such as Russia and China into the world economic scheme if the United States and Europe are to have stable relations with them.

7. The report from the left-leaning think-tank Demos stops short of recommending abolition of the monarchy, but argues “democratic” reform is needed if the institution is to match public expectation.

8. If either or anything is to survive, they must find a way to create an indissoluble partnership.

9. Any EU nation needs to have an inner self-confidence if it is to step out of what is otherwise an EU consensus position on foreign and defence policy.

10. Italy needs to get a firmer hold on this corner of the market if its dominance of the fashion industry is not to be threatened

11. Mr Largent believes that the Republicans' mistake at the recent election was to forget their message.

12. He realised early that France had to collaborate with other European countries if it was to compete with the American aviation giants.

13. Yet strong African leadership is essential if the punitive African peacekeeping force is not to look like an extension of American or European power in Africa.

14. If capitalism with Chinese characteristics is not to become as dirty a phrase in China as crony capitalism has in Russia, Eastern Europe and parts of East Asia, checks are urgently needed to stop local bosses enriching themselves at others' expense.

15. Their hesitations have already encouraged Serbia's president in his refusal to make concessions at the negotiating table; they could yet curtail a military campaign that should go on for weeks if it is to have any chance of achieving its aims.

16. If one administration after another proved unable to deal with its own household finances, its incessantly proclaimed top priority, was its competence to be trusted in the less visible and comprehensible matters of defence, strategic arms, diplomacy or finance?

17. If the mistakes of the neighbours are to be avoided, people need to be free to debate government policy and to hold accountable those who do wrong.

18. But this success must be made the starting point of a new effort if the impetus is to be maintained and still bigger successes won

19. Changes seem inevitable, but no one can say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly.

20. These are only a few of the questions which arise out of the vast subject “Planning and Economic Growth”. A choice must be made, in view of the breadth and diversity of these questions, if certain aspects of the problem are to be examined at all deeply within the limits of this brief article.

21. But it is savings and investment, as well as goods and chattels, that Egypt needs if it is to reach the magic growth figure.

22. Osama al-Baz, a wise Egyptian who advises the president, says: “We will not allow moneyed people to dominate the government. They can have loud voices on economic reform but... it is still a question of social justice.” And so, if this economic revolution is to succeed, it should be.

23. Now, after three months of closer scrutiny, at the point at which the bills were to have been presented to Parliament, they have suddenly been withdrawn for redrafting.

24. It was to have been the biggest merger in corporate history, creating a colossus with a market capitalization of $ 205 billion, second only to that of General Electric.

25. But the official went on to emphasize that the new administration's aim is to reduce and manage disagreements through the consultation process that has now begun.

26. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and inflation by the end of this year.